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91.
John Gray 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1980,8(2):129-145
Formal provision for pupil guidance in Scottish secondary schools has been a controversial innovation. This paper provides some ofthe first evidence of its impact based on the evaluation of its clients and using data collected as part of a major national survey of Scottish school-leavers. It indicates that guidance teachers have been having some influence on the curricular and vocational decisions of more-able leavers and also provides evidence of progress over time. It suggests, however, that in terms of distributing and focussing their efforts such teachers have yet to make much impact on the vocational problems facing less-able leavers. Progress in the area ofpersonal guidance for ail leavers has also been restricted. Some reasons underlying these developments are discussed. 相似文献
92.
93.
Warren-Boulton FR Silberberg A Gray M Ollom R 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1985,43(2):265-277
De Villiers and Herrnstein (1976) have shown that the equation for simple action, derived from the matching law, predicts change in behavioral output for some 40 experiments in which the value of a single source of reinforcement has been varied. Using only the positive-reinforcement studies they cite that used five or more different reinforcement values, we found the high percentage of variance they report accommodated by this equation (94%) is predicated on instances of averaging rates of behavioral output before making a least-squares fit of the equation. In our reanalysis, which minimizes rate averaging, only 78% of the data variance is accommodated. This diminished data-variance accommodation can be improved by adding parameters that permit the equation's scaling constant to change as a function of reinforcement. Although these parameters permit acceptable levels of accommodation of data variance, they correspond to no obvious psychological processes. These findings support the view that the equation for simple action is an inadequate model for behavioral output. 相似文献
94.
Calonie M. K. Gray Rona Carter Wendy K. Silverman 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(2):205-213
This cross-sectional study examined the relations among children’s ethnic pride, perceived parenting behavior (i.e., parental
control, parental acceptance), anxiety sensitivity, and child anxiety symptoms (i.e., physical symptoms, social anxiety symptoms,
separation anxiety symptoms, and harm avoidance symptoms) in 266 African American school children (M = 9.98 years old; 55% girls). Structural equation modeling results indicated that high ethnic pride was associated with high
parental acceptance. High perceived parental acceptance, in turn, was related to children reporting low levels of social anxiety
symptoms and high levels of harm avoidance. In addition, high parental control was related to high anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety
sensitivity partially mediated the relation between parental control and separation anxiety symptoms, such that parental control
was both directly and indirectly related to separation anxiety symptoms. Parental control was indirectly related to physical
symptoms, social anxiety symptoms, and harm avoidance symptoms through its direct link to anxiety sensitivity. The study’s
results increment knowledge about factors influencing specific dimensions of anxiety in African American children. 相似文献
95.
Jones CL Gray MA Minati L Simner J Critchley HD Ward J 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2011,5(2):243-254
Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia is a rare phenomenon in which the individual experiences flavour sensations when they read, hear, or imagine words. In this study, we provide insight into the neural basis of this form of synaesthesia using functional neuroimaging. Words known to evoke pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant synaesthetic tastes and synaesthetically tasteless words were presented to two lexical-gustatory synaesthetes, during fMRI scanning. Ten non-synaesthetic participants were also scanned on the same list of words. The synaesthetic brain displayed a different pattern of activity to words when compared to the non-synaesthetes, with insula activation related to viewing words that elicited tastes that have an associated emotional valence (i.e., pleasant or unpleasant tastes). The subjective intensity of the synaesthesia was correlated with activity in the medial parietal lobes (precuneus/retrosplenial cortex), which are implicated in polymodal imagery and self-directed thought. This region has also previously been activated in studies of lexical-colour synaesthesia, suggesting its role may not be limited to the type of synaesthesia explored here. 相似文献
96.
This study presents a data set for a reference group on the Reitan-Indiana Neuropsychological Test Battery for Young Children. The data set is based on a sample of 224 children, ages 5 to 8 years, referred to a special services cooperative for academic or behavioral concerns during the years 1980 through 1993. Data are presented in terms of sample size, means, standard deviations, diagnostic classifications, and population characteristics. Previously published data sets are reviewed in comparison to this newly acquired data set. Potential advantages of this data set include the larger sample, contemporary data collection, and a sample drawn from a United States school-referred population. 相似文献
97.
Gray DE 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2006,6(3):59-62; discussion W51-3
98.
Playboy's portrayal of the male ideal of feminine beauty, in terms of overall body size, percent normative weight, and waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs), was analyzed for the years 1979–1999. Trends were examined through body measurements obtained from Playboy centerfolds. Results reveal a continuation of the low body mass index (BMI) found in the Playmates by earlier studies; however, for the 21 years examined, the trend towards increasing thinness seems to have stabilized and may have begun to actually reverse. There was also an increase in the centerfolds’ WHRs over the 21-year time period. Overall, the results support the continued valuing in American society of a thin ideal for women; while the images of beauty have become somewhat heavier over the 21-year period reviewed, the Playmates remain markedly below weights normative for their age group. 相似文献
99.
Duncan GJ Boisjoly J Kremer M Levy DM Eccles J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2005,33(3):375-385
Past research suggests that congregating delinquent youth increases their likelihood of problem behavior. We test for analogous peer effects in the drug use and sexual behavior of male (n = 279) and female (n = 435) college students, using data on the characteristics of first-year roommates to whom they were randomly assigned. We find that males who reported binge drinking in high school drink much more in college if assigned a roommate who also binge drank in high school than if assigned a nonbinge-drinking roommate. No such multiplier effect is observed for females, nor are multiplier effects observed for marijuana use or sexual behavior for either males or females. Students who did not engage in these behaviors in high school do not appear to be affected by their roommates high school behavior. 相似文献
100.