血管外科治疗进展与科技发展的关系

血管外科在近几十年日益发展成熟,并逐渐从普外科分离出来成为单独发展的学科.在科技发展日新月异的新世纪,新技术新材料的应用也推动着血管外科诊疗手段的突飞猛进.这就要求从事血管外科的医务工作者在临床工作中要树立科技发展观的意识,及时了解科技前沿的发展动态,用新技术新方法改善治疗效果,最大程度地减少患者的痛苦和提高患者的生活质量,促进人类健康生存和发展.     

Now Streaming: On Unconscious Communications in the Analytic Process

ABSTRACT

In this article, I illustrate the concept of unconscious communication by means of a clinical example in which a patient was able to recover the memory of a key adolescence experience as the result of the interplay of unconscious messages transmitted between himself and his analyst. When the patient spotted the analyst driving an old, beat-up family car, this triggered an unconscious memory of this painful adolescent episode, one that epitomized and stood for his troubled and disappointing relationship with his father. This memory, which was expressed nonverbally, in turn, evoked a memory in the analyst from his own adolescence that put him in touch with the patient‘s traumatic, adolescent experience, material that had come up previously in the analysis but had not been adequately dealt with or worked through. By grasping the meaning of the interplay of these unconscious messages, the analyst was able to help the patient get in touch with, better understand, and work through, an experience that had an enduring impact on his future life.     

Gazing into Existence: A Discussion of “A Patient Who Does Not Look: A Collaborative Treatment with Video Feedback”

In this innovative and collaborative paper (Sandberg & Beebe, this issue) self and interactive regulation and the role of gaze are astutely demonstrated. The clinical material focuses on a patient who is unable to make eye contact due to early attachment trauma. This patient’s perceptual world, identified with maternal hatred, is disturbed by a delusional self-loathing. Initial analytic work, which provided an insightful and benign presence, was enhanced by video viewing of the second analyst’s facial reactions. The video introduced, on the non-verbal, implicit level, a process of moment-to-moment contingent matching and being matched. This visually experienced affective resonance proved to be transformative for the patient.     

Locke, McCann, and Voluntarism

Abstract: Locke scholars continue to disagree over how he analyzed natural laws, real essence-power relations in physical substances. Some say he regarded them as emanations, necessitated by the corpuscular structure of real essences; for others his laws are adventitious, imposed on substances by God and contingent on divine alterable will. The second view has been increasingly favored in recent years, assisted no doubt by Edwin McCann's potent case for it in "Lockean Mechanism" (1985). The present article, whose authors are sympathetic to the necessitarian reading of Locke, argues against McCann's exegesis.     

动作理解因境而异:动作加工中情境信息的自动整合

针对动作理解的机制,模拟论主张大脑自发模拟他人的动作,就相同的动作其理解也相同,而理论论则认为人们基于合理性原则对他人动作进行推理,相同的动作发生在不同的情境时会有不同的理解。但以往研究所采用动作材料的运动学特性和发生情境存在共变,其难以区分动作理解是支持模拟论还是理论论。通过两项实验,采用动画制作技术来产生有无约束情境下的追逐动作,以指示动作加工过程的脑电μ抑制为指标,对前述两种观点进行了检验。其中,在约束情境中存在障碍物,追逐者需改变运动方向以绕过障碍物,从后方逐渐趋近目标;而无约束情境中不存在障碍物,但追逐者依然保持与存在约束情景下相同的运动模式。结果发现,当追逐动作发生在存在约束的情境时,其基于合理性原则推测可获得清晰的动作目标,该条件下的μ抑制程度高于不存在约束情境的条件(实验1);而当仅追逐者运动,即趋近的目标不确定时,虽然有约束和无约束情境间的物理差异与实验1相同,但条件间μ抑制的差异消失(实验2);且上述μ抑制并非与注意相关的枕叶α活动的泛化。该结果提示,动作发生的情境信息影响人们对动作的理解,即基于推理过程理解动作,支持理论论观点。     

READING ALOUD TO STUDENTS: A NATIONAL PROBABILITY STUDY OF CLASSROOM READING PRACTICES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

Elementary teachers have been encouraged to share literature with their students by reading to them daily and recommending books. Although such suggestions are common, little is known about the number of teachers who read to their students regularly and how often this practice occurs across the elementary grades. In this study, 1,874 elementary teachers were surveyed nationally to determine how often they read to their students. Teachers reported how many of the last ten school days they read to their students. Results include the finding that much more teacher reading of books to students occurs in the primary grades compared with the intermediate grades. Also, primary-grade teachers frequently read picture books to their students while intermediate grade teachers read chapter books most often. Informational books are not often read by teachers to students in any of the elementary grades. Discussion of the results centers around reading aloud in the primary and intermediate grades, picture and chapter-book reading, informational book reading, and introducing and recommending books.     

互联网海量信息环境对人类决策提出的挑战及其应对方式

如今互联网推动人类进入信息爆炸时代,有限大脑容量与激增信息量间的巨大反差对人类决策提出了前所未有的挑战,但已有知识系统却找不出应对它的现成答案。围绕"互联网海量信息环境对人类决策的挑战"和"互联网海量信息环境下人类决策的应对方式"两个关键科学问题,我们借鉴动物选择"无序个体单独行动"和"有序集体统一行动"的转换机制,提出互联网海量信息环境下的内外脑应对方式,冀增进人们对互联网环境下决策行为的理解。