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371.
Nava R. Silton Kevin J. Flannelly Christopher G. Ellison Kathleen Galek Martha R. Jacobs John P. Marcum Faye J. Silton 《Review of religious research》2011,53(3):357-370
This study examines the association between various religious beliefs and practices and fears pertaining to death and dying
in a national sample of liberal Protestant U.S. adults. Data were analyzed from a 2002 survey of members and elders of the
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A) (N = 935). Four measures of religion were tested together in models predicting four end-of-life fears. Church attendance (p < .01), other church involvement (p < .05), and belief in life after death (p < .001) had negative associations with the fear of what happens after death. Private devotion was inversely related to the
fear of dying in pain (p < .05). Involvement in church activities (p < .05), aside from religious services, was inversely related to the fear of leaving loved ones behind. Females tended to
be more fearful than males of dying alone and dying in pain and older adults tended to be less fearful than younger adults
of the unknown and of leaving loved ones behind. 相似文献
372.
Arnaud Rey Pierre Courrieu Florian Schmidt-Weigand Arthur M. Jacobs 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(3):600-608
Standard factorial designs in psycholinguistics have been complemented recently by large-scale databases providing empirical
constraints at the level of item performance. At the same time, the development of precise computational architectures has
led modelers to compare item-level performance with item-level predictions. It has been suggested, however, that item performance
includes a large amount of undesirable error variance that should be quantified to determine the amount of reproducible variance
that models should account for. In the present study, we provide a simple and tractable statistical analysis of this issue.
We also report practical solutions for estimating the amount of reproducible variance for any database that conforms to the
additive decomposition of the variance. A new empirical database consisting of the word identification times of 140 participants
on 120 words is then used to test these practical solutions. Finally, we show that increases in the amount of reproducible
variance are accompanied by the detection of new sources of variance. 相似文献
373.
374.
Jacobs A Pinto J Shiffrar M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2004,30(5):822-835
Why are human observers particularly sensitive to human movement? Seven experiments examined the roles of visual experience and motor processes in human movement perception by comparing visual sensitivities to point-light displays of familiar, unusual, and impossible gaits across gait-speed and identity discrimination tasks. In both tasks, visual sensitivity to physically possible gaits was superior to visual sensitivity to physically impossible gaits, supporting perception-action coupling theories of human movement perception. Visual experience influenced walker-identity perception but not gait-speed discrimination. Thus, both motor experience and visual experience define visual sensitivity to human movement. An ecological perspective can be used to define the conditions necessary for experience-dependent sensitivity to human movement. 相似文献
375.
In any society, parenting beliefs are a reflection of that society's cultural values and traditions (J. U. Ogbu, 1981). Verbosity, a parenting behavior considered dysfunctional in European American culture, may not be problematic in Chinese culture. The authors recruited 31 Chinese American and 30 European American mothers and used questionnaires to measure parenting behaviors and child behavior problems. The Chinese American mothers also completed a questionnaire assessing their acculturation level. The Chinese American mothers had higher levels of verbosity than did the European American mothers; however, there were no differences between the groups in child behavior problems. The results also revealed higher levels of laxness in the Chinese American mothers compared to the European American mothers. Acculturation level did not predict verbosity or laxness levels. Results suggest that the effectiveness of a parenting style should be defined relative to cultural context. 相似文献
376.
Jacobs DM Michaels CF 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2006,32(2):443-458
J. J. Gibson (1966, 1979) suggested that improvement in perception and action can be attributed in part to changes in which variable is attended to. Such reattunement has been demonstrated with observers making judgments in response to simulations. The present study sought attunement changes in the perception of real events and in visually guided action. In 3 experiments, adults judged the passing distance of or attempted to catch balls. Discrete measures and the predictions of a modified required velocity model (e.g., R. J. Bootsma, V. Fayt, F. T. J. M. Zaal, & M. Laurent, 1997) were used to reveal which variables were exploited. Participants differed from each other and, to some extent, changed in the optical variables used, in catching as well as judging. Nevertheless, the changes were much smaller than in previous simulation-judgment studies; calibration was also found to underlie the improvements in performance. 相似文献
377.
378.
Most empirical work investigating the role of syllable frequency in visual word recognition has focused on the Spanish language,
in which syllable frequency seems to produce a classic dissociation: inhibition in lexical decision tasks but facilitation
in naming. In the present study, two experiments were run in German, using identical stimulus materials, in a lexical decision
task and a naming task. In both tasks, there was an inhibitory effect for words with a high-frequency first syllable. This
pattern of results, suggesting a stronger weight of lexical access in the naming process in German than in Spanish, is discussed
with regard to the issue of stress assignment in the two languages and within the framework of word production models. Items,
mean response latencies, and accuracy rates per item for both experiments can be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
379.
The present study investigated the nature of the inhibitory syllable frequency effect, recently reported for normal readers, in a German-speaking dyslexic patient. The reading impairment was characterized as a severe deficit in naming single letters or words in the presence of spared lexical processing of visual word forms. Three visual lexical decision experiments were conducted with the dyslexic patient, an unimpaired control person matched to the patient and a control group: Experiment 1 manipulated the frequency of words and word-initial syllables and demonstrated systematic effects of both factors in normal readers and in the dyslexic patient. The syllable frequency effect was replicated in a second experiment with a more strictly controlled stimulus set. Experiment 3 confirmed the patient's deficit in activating phonological forms from written words by demonstrating that a pseudohomophone effect as observed in the unimpaired control participants was absent in the dyslexic patient. 相似文献
380.
Preston SD Jacobs LF 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2005,119(2):187-196
Caching food is an economic, decision-making process that requires animals to take many factors into account, including the risk of pilferage. However, little is known about how food-storing animals determine the risk of pilferage. In this study, the authors examined the effect of a dominant competitor species on the caching and behavior of Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami). The authors found that, as with conspecific competitors, kangaroo rats did not alter caching in response to the mere presence of a heterospecific competitor, but moved caches to an unpreferred area when the competitor's presence was paired with pilferage. These data suggest that Merriam's kangaroo rat assesses pilfer risk from actual pilferage by a competitor and adaptively alters cache strategy to minimize future risk. 相似文献