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161.
Janis E. Jacobs & Paul A. Klaczynski 《Current directions in psychological science》2002,11(4):145-149
Research on adult judgment and decision making has focused on deviations from normative models, demonstrating biases and reliance on heuristic shortcuts, thus presenting a very different picture than developmental theories that describe a unidirectional progression toward greater logic and efficiency. Recent research related to this apparent contradiction indicates that children develop competencies to reason effectively and make normative decisions, but also develop biased judgment strategies that are used inappropriately in some situations. We suggest potential explanations for the findings, highlighting the need to consider models that incorporate development in both experiential and analytic information processing systems. 相似文献
162.
Florian Klonek Sascha Tamm Markus J. Hofmann Arthur M. Jacobs 《Psychological research》2009,73(6):871-882
The conflict monitoring theory (CMT) assumes that word-stems associated with several completions should lead to crosstalk
and conflict due to underdetermined responding situation (Botvinick et al. in Psychol Rev 108(3):624–652, 2001). In contrast, the Multiple-Read-Out-Model (MROM) of Jacobs and Grainger (J Exp Psychol 20(6): 1311–1334, 1994) predicts a high level of general lexical activity (GLA) for word-stems with many completions, indicating a higher stimulus
familiarity because these stems are more probable to be read. We compared word-stems with several completions against word-stems
with one possible completion while measuring response times and electrophysiological recordings. Slowest response times and
a distinct FN400 component, which has previously been related to the concept of familiarity (Curran in Memory Cogn 28(6):923–938,
2000), were apparent for word-stems that could only be associated with a single response. These findings support the claims of
the MROM. Furthermore, the lack of the N2-component for word-stems with several completions continues to challenge the EEG-extension
of the CMT (Yeung et al. in Psychol Rev 111(4):2004). 相似文献
163.
164.
Proposed solutions to sustainability often bring different economic sectors into conflict; when a sustainable solution for one sector is non-sustainable for another it creates what we call the dilemma of sustainability. A recent example took place in the Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest, involving competing notions of sustainability by fisheries and the energy industry. Taking up some ideas of Eger and Lyotard, we criticize the constructivist approach which treats large ecosystems as constructions and the process of resolving conflicts of sustainability as one solely consisting of negotiations involving the trading off of interests. We propose instead to treat such conflict resolution via a Gadamerian-inspired hermeneutics that sees different economic sectors as having different interpretations of sustainability and that aims at common understanding. 相似文献
165.
Three experiments showed that, in virtual space, humans learn to find an invisible target that remains in a fixed location relative to distal cues. Experiment 1 showed that people rapidly learned to locate an invisible target in a computer-generated virtual arena. Participants searched the appropriate place intensely when, on a probe trial, the target was removed. Experiment 2 showed that two groups of participants, one with a visible and one with an invisible target, learned to locate the target in the virtual arena. A probe trial, during which the target was removed, showed that participants from both groups searched the former location of the target in the virtual arena, suggesting the presence of proximal cues did not interfere with place learning. Experiment 3 showed that, following place learning, people directly approach the location of the invisible target from novel start positions. The data were discussed in terms of spatial learning and memory. 相似文献
166.
Proposed solutions to sustainability often bring different economic sectors into conflict; when a sustainable solution for one sector is non-sustainable for another it creates what we call the dilemma of sustainability. A recent example took place in the Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest, involving competing notions of sustainability by fisheries and the energy industry. Taking up some ideas of Eger and Lyotard, we criticize the constructivist approach which treats large ecosystems as constructions and the process of resolving conflicts of sustainability as one solely consisting of negotiations involving the trading off of interests. We propose instead to treat such conflict resolution via a Gadamerian-inspired hermeneutics that sees different economic sectors as having different interpretations of sustainability and that aims at common understanding. 相似文献
167.
K W Jacobs 《Perceptual and motor skills》1992,75(2):367-370
The Learning-Orientation Grade-Orientation Scale of Eison, Pollio, and Milton was administered to 85 college students and analyzed to study the psychometric properties of the instrument. Scale means were consistent with those usually reported. Cronbach coefficients alpha for 5 of the 6 scales ranged from .58 to .70; however, the coefficient alpha for learning-orientation attitude scale was questionably low (.29). Item analyses and factor analyses support the continued use of at least 5 of the 6 scales measured by the inventory. 相似文献
168.
A M Jacobs J Grainger 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1992,18(4):1174-1188
A semistochastic variant of the interactive activation (IA) model of context effects in letter perception (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) was used to simulate response time distributions and means in different experiments investigating the effects of word frequency, neighborhood size and frequency, and orthographic priming in visual word recognition. The results provide evidence in favor of the connectivity assumption underlying the model but question the necessity of the interactivity assumption for simulating latencies in word recognition tasks. Together with those of a recent study by McClelland (1991), the present results suggest that 10 years after its appearance, the IA model's potential for testing hypotheses about the structure and dynamics of basic phenomena of human information processing in a variety of perceptual and cognitive tasks is not yet fully exploited. 相似文献
169.
170.
T Jacobs 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》1999,68(2):159-183
The question of self-disclosure by the analyst and its uses in treatment is an issue widely debated today. In this paper, the author reviews this controversial technique from historical and contemporary points of view, delineates several forms of self-disclosure, and, by means of several clinical examples, discusses the effects on the patient and the analytic process of utilizing one or another kind of self-disclosure in these particular situations. 相似文献