Representing motion in a static image: constraints and parallels in art,science, and popular culture

Representing motion in a picture is a challenge to artists, scientists, and all other imagemakers. Moreover, it presents a problem that will not go away with electronic and digital media, because often the pedagogical purpose of the representation of motion is more important than the motion itself. All satisfactory solutions evoke motion-for example, dynamic balance (or broken symmetry), stroboscopic sequences, affine shear (or forward lean), and photographic blur-but they also typically sacrifice the accuracy of the motion represented, a solution often unsuitable for science. Vector representations superimposed on static images allow for accuracy, but are not applicable to all situations. Workable solutions are almost certainly case specific and subject to continual evolution through exploration by imagemakers.     

Second-class citizen? Contract workers' perceived status,dual commitment and intent to quit

Outsourcing of jobs to contract workers who work alongside a client's employees has changed the human resource landscape of many organizations. In this study we examine how a contract worker's perceived employment status similarity to the client's own standard employees influences his/her affective commitment to both the client and the employer and ultimately intent to quit the employer. Using a sample of 623 contract workers, we found strong support for our hypotheses. In particular, findings indicate an important role for perceived employment status at the client organization in driving contract worker's attitudes and that contract workers consider both the client and the employer when making decisions to leave the employer. Implications for managing contractor relationships are discussed.     

Responsibility: The tie that binds

People share significantly more money with others in common lab paradigms like the dictator game than they do in real life. What accounts for this difference? Paradigms like the dictator game link each recipient to a single dictator with the implication that each recipient can receive funds from only one person. We argue that this “burden” of responsibility to a single recipient helps to explain high levels of laboratory sharing. In two experiments—a modified dictator game experiment and a charitable giving experiment—participants donated significantly more to others when they were solely responsible for a recipient's outcome than when the responsibility for a recipient was potentially shared. Taken together with past findings from social psychology and experimental economics, the results show how unambiguous responsibility for a single recipient increases generosity.     

On the nature and function of scoring protocols used in exercise motivation research: An empirical study of the behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different scoring protocols used with instruments designed to assess motivation in line with Organismic Integration Theory (OIT; Deci & Ryan, 2002).DesignThis study used non-probability based sampling within a cross-sectional (survey) design.MethodsParticipants across four samples (N's ranged from 236 to 1200) completed either (a) the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ), (b) the BREQ-2, or (c) the BREQ-2R in conjunction with a self-report assessment of physical activity behavior.ResultsParticipants endorsed more self-determined than controlled motives for physical activity. Identified regulation was the dominant correlate of more frequent physical activity behavior. The link between external regulation and physical activity was consistently weak. Multiple regression analyses revealed identified regulation was the strongest predictor of physical activity compared with other motives. Regression models using omnibus scoring protocols accounted for less variance in physical activity behavior in contrast to an item-aggregation scoring protocol.ConclusionsIdentified regulation may be a key source of physical activity motivation in adults. The scoring protocol used with OIT-based instruments represents an important consideration for advancing physical activity research.     

Professional Counseling in Kenya: History,Current Status,and Future Trends

The authors examine the history and development of the counseling profession in Kenya. This profession is deeply rooted in responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the emergence of mental health needs created by the impact of political and community‐based violence, increasing student unrest in public institutions, and government efforts to provide social–emotional support for students in public schools and universities. The authors also examine the challenges for the profession and make recommendations for the future.     

Non‐standard work schedules and retention in the entry‐level hourly workforce

Non‐standard work schedules involve work outside the Monday–Friday daytime hours. Although research has heavily studied the health and family effects of such schedules, few studies have investigated their relationship to retention. We draw from Maertz and Campion's discussion of motivational forces that influence turnover to propose that employees on non‐standard schedules are more likely to quit their employer because of general job dissatisfaction and because of normative pressures from family and/or friends. Specifically, we hypothesized that employees on day shifts or weekday only schedules would remain with their employer longer than those who work on nonday shifts or on the weekends. We also hypothesized that perceived employment mobility would moderate the effects of non‐standard schedules on retention length. Hypotheses were tested among 3,178 retail employees who worked five different distinct shift arrangements and different weekday/weekend schedules. Cox regression analyses indicated that, as hypothesized, employees working nonday shifts or schedules including weekends remained with their employer for a shorter duration of time than employees not on such schedules. Perceived mobility moderated the schedule–turnover relationship, though not in the hypothesized manner. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for work schedule assignment and retention strategies.     

Values and antisocial behavior among Spanish adolescents

A number of studies have indicated that delinquent adolescents have characteristic value systems. However, most of these studies have adopted a "known-groups" design--that is, they have compared institutionalized delinquents and non-institutionalized adolescents, assuming those adolescents to be non-delinquent. Designs of this type do not distinguish effectively between the statistical effects of delinquency and of institutionalization. In this study, the authors investigated relationships between values and self-reported antisocial behavior in three adolescent groups: 435 school-attending boys, 529 school-attending girls, and 95 delinquent boys in juvenile rehabilitation centers or prisons. The results indicate that antisocial behavior is associated with hedonistic values and a lack of interest in conventional values and social values. These relationships cannot be explained by the institutionalization effects.     

An alternative scoring method for the Motivation Sources Inventory: a case for ratio analysis

Previously published research is examined, and an alternative scoring method for the Motivation Sources Inventory is proposed. The new method, ratio analysis, provides an empirical assessment more consistent with the theoretical framework of the inventory. Theoretical and empirical support for ratio analysis is provided.