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181.
Narrative discourse and intellectual functioning were examined 3 years following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children 1 to 8 years of age at the time of injury. The language-impaired TBI group (n= 9) had language deficits during the subacute stage of recovery; their performance was contrasted with that of a TBI comparison group equated on neurologic and demographic variables that did not show subacute language impairment (n= 8) and a sibling comparison group (n= 9). The language-impaired TBI group had lower Verbal and Full-Scale IQ scores and produced fewer words and utterances than the sibling group on a story retelling task; their stories were characterized by fewer complete referential and lexical ties and more referential errors, indicating difficulty conjoining meaning across sentences. The language-impaired TBI group recalled approximately one-third of the propositions needed to maintain the story theme and made more errors sequencing the propositions than either the TBI or the sibling comparison groups. Group differences were not obtained on the Performance IQ scores or on measures of rate or fluency of speech production, mazes, use of conjunctives, or naming errors. The discourse deficiencies of children with TBI and acute language impairment were most pronounced at the level of cognitive organization of the text reflecting text macrostructure and were least apparent at the level of lexical and sentential organization reflecting text microstructure. Results are discussed in terms of the vulnerability of developing language abilities to disruption by brain injury.  相似文献   
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In this essay I continue the conversation going on today on the crisis in delivering mental-health care within the realities of managed care. A guiding perspective is represented briefly in material from the writings of Edmund Pellegrino. He recommends the norm of patient-centered relationships to direct and govern managed care so cost can be controlled, but not by the sacrifice of quality of care. This emphasis must be balanced with a struggle for the greater social good and fair allocation of goods to all citizens. Definitions are offered along with a discussion of controversial issues and constructive suggestions to make possible a better future for the work of mental health in relation to managed care.  相似文献   
184.
Baeyenset al.(1998) claim that Field and Davey's (1997) controversial study of conceptual conditioning offers little threat to current conceptions of evaluative conditioning. This article addresses some of the questions posed by Baeyenset al.First, some criticisms of the conceptual conditioning study appear to be based on a misunderstanding of the procedure. Second, we address the issues surrounding the so-called Type-X procedure. Specifically, we begin by reviewing the status of studies that have used a procedure different from the Type-X procedure. It is then argued that, although the Type-X procedure has been used in only a portion of EC research, it has been used primarily in those studies whose outcome has been used to argue that evaluative conditioning (EC) is functionally distinct from autonomic conditioning. We then review the evidence from non-Type-X procedures that EC is a distinct form of learning. Finally, an attempt is made to explain why between-subject controls should be used as a matter of course in this field of research.  相似文献   
185.
Sensation seeking among high- and low-risk sports participants   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Investigated were the sensation seeking tendencies of a diverse sample of 166 athletes. The main aim of the study was to assess empirical support for Zuckermans (1994)Impulsive-Sensation-Seeking (ImpSS) theory and to replicate and extend previous research findings in this area using high- and low-risk sport participants. The Sensation Seeking Scale-V (Zuckerman et al., 1978) and the Impulsiveness Scale of the Impulsiveness-Venturesome-Empathy Scale (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1978), were administered to both male and female athletes currently engaged in one of eight sport disciplines: Hang-gliding, mountaineering, sky-diving, automobile racing, swimming, marathon running, aerobics or golf. Results provided support for the main thrust of Zuckermans ImpSS theory (a) that sensation seeking is integrated within a broader trait called Impulsive-Sensation Seeking; and (b) that total sensation seeking differentiated between high- and low-risk sport participants. On the other hand, these participants did not differ on the impulsiveness dimension. These and other findings are integrated with respect to Zuckermans (1994)Impulsive-Sensation Seeking model. Limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research are also discussed.  相似文献   
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Sequences of nine binary auditory signals (dots and dashes) were presented to 20 subjects in Experiment I. The subjects were instructed to internally organize the signals into two-dimensional arrays. Visual patterns (letters) could be recognized in these imaginary arrays in both upright and rotated orientations. In Experiment II, a group of nine subjects, which was instructed to use spatial imagery of this kind, reproduced significantly longer sequences of signals than nine control subjects. By means of internal spatial organization, experimental subjects were able to reproduce sequences up to 45 signals in length, whereas control subjects recalled near the chance level for portions of sequences longer than nine signals. Three levels of information processing were postulated to account for the results, with spatial organization occupying a mediating level between acoustic and verbal levels.  相似文献   
188.
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science - This experiment extends Pavlov’s method of contrasts for 8 components of aggression were quantitatively evaluated in 11 freely moving adult...  相似文献   
189.
This article is intended to serve as an introduction to the concept of the marriage contract, which has proved to be a useful clinical tool for clarification and treatment of troubled marriages. Transactional as well as intrapsychic factors are important aspects of marital dynamics. The contract concept employs both these behavioral parameters and facilitates therapeutic intervention at both levels.  相似文献   
190.
Guinea pigs were taught to lick an electronic lickometer by successive approximations brought about by a gradually receding lickerandum-liquid feeder mounted in their home cage. All Ss learned to lick and obtain their total liquid intake by tongue licking. An optimum deprivation schedule was determined, and the response was brought under schedule control comparable to that of the rat.  相似文献   
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