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181.
Since the 1980s much work has been done in the field of Cognitive Survey Research. In an interdisciplinary endeavour, survey methodologists and cognitive psychologists (as well as social psychologists and linguists) have worked to unravel the cognitive processes underlying survey responses: to improve survey measurement, but also to obtain fundamental insight into the process of question answering, the nature of attitudes, the functioning of human memory, etc. Yet, despite the amount of work that has been done, less progress has been made than was deemed possible. This paper suggests ways in which to develop cognitive theories that may help to obtain an integrated understanding of question answering in surveys. One way to build better theories is to focus on model construction. Different types of cognitive models are discussed that can be used to model question answering. Second, a larger variety of methods from the cognitive toolbox can be used to further develop and test these models. An overview is given of the various tools available to researchers of cognitive aspects of survey research, with a special focus on newer methods from cognitive neuroscience. To connect different tools and methods into an integrative theory of question answering, the idea of hierarchical modelling is proposed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
182.
Christien G. W. de Jong Séverine Van De Voorde Herbert Roeyers Ruth Raymaekers Jaap Oosterlaan Joseph A. Sergeant 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):1007-1017
The nature of the comorbidity between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Reading Disability (RD) was examined
using a double dissociation design. Children were between 8 and 12 years of age and entered into four groups: ADHD only (n = 24), ADHD+RD (n = 29), RD only (n = 41) and normal controls (n = 26). In total, 120 children participated in the study; 38 girls and 82 boys. Both ADHD and RD were associated with impairments
in inhibition and lexical decision, although inhibition and lexical decision were more severely impaired in RD than in ADHD.
Visuospatial working memory deficits were specific to children with only ADHD. It is concluded that there was overlap on lexical
decision and to a lesser extent on inhibition between ADHD and RD. In ADHD, impairments were dependent on IQ, which suggest
that the overlap in lexical decision and inhibition is different in origin for ADHD and RD. The ADHD only group was specifically
characterized by deficits in visuospatial working memory. Hence, no double dissociation between ADHD and RD was found on executive
functioning and lexical decision. 相似文献
183.
Rommelse NN Altink ME de Sonneville LM Buschgens CJ Buitelaar J Oosterlaan J Sergeant JA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):957-967
Executive dysfunction has been postulated as the core deficit in ADHD, although many deficits in lower order cognitive processes
have also been identified. By obtaining an appropriate baseline of lower order cognitive functioning light may be shed on
as to whether executive deficits result from problems in lower order and/or higher order cognitive processes. We examined
motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in relation to a baseline measure in 816 children from ADHD and control families.
Multiple children in a family were tested in order to examine the familiality of the measures. No evidence was found for deficits
in motor inhibition or cognitive flexibility in children with ADHD or their nonaffected siblings: Compared to their baseline
speed and accuracy of responding, children with ADHD and their (non)affected siblings were not disproportionally slower or
inaccurate when demands for motor inhibition or cognitive flexibility were added to the task. However, children with ADHD
and their (non)affected siblings were overall less accurate than controls, which could not be attributed to differences in
response speed. This suggests that inaccuracy of responding is characteristic of children having (a familial risk for) ADHD.
Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility as operationalized with mean reaction time were found to be familial. It is concluded
that poorer performance on executive tasks in children with ADHD and their (non)affected siblings may result from deficiencies
in lower order cognitive processes and not (only) from higher order cognitive processes/executive functions. 相似文献
184.
In a previous study (Dronkers, 1996), stroke patients identified as having apraxia of speech (AOS), an articulatory disorder, were found to have damage to the left superior precentral gyrus of the insula (SPGI). The present study sought (1) to characterize the performance of patients with AOS on a classic motor speech evaluation, and (2) to examine whether severity of AOS was influenced by the extent of the lesion. Videotaped speech evaluations of stroke patients with and without AOS were reviewed by two speech-language pathologists and independently scored. Results indicated that patients with AOS made the most errors on tasks requiring the coordination of complex, but not simple, articulatory movements. Patients scored lowest on the repetition of multisyllabic words and sentences that required immediate shifting between place and manner of articulation and rapid coordination of the lips, tongue, velum, and larynx. Last, all patients with AOS had lesions in the SPGI, whereas patients without apraxia of speech did not. Additional involvement of neighboring brain areas was associated with more severe forms of both AOS as well as language deficits, such as aphasia. 相似文献
185.
When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: the role of interpersonal commitment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Karremans JC Van Lange PA Ouwerkerk JW Kluwer ES 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2003,84(5):1011-1026
The present research addresses the question of when and why forgiving might enhance psychological well-being. The authors predict that forgiving is associated with enhanced well-being but that this association should be more pronounced in relationships of strong rather than weak commitment. This hypothesis received good support in Studies 1-3. Studies 2 and 3 addressed the issue of why forgiving might be associated with psychological well-being, revealing that this association was reduced after controlling for psychological tension (i.e., a psychological state of discomfort due to conflicting cognitions and feelings). Study 4 revealed that in the context of marital relationships, tendencies toward forgiving one's spouse exhibited a more pronounced association with psychological well-being than did tendencies to forgive others in general. 相似文献
186.
The natural input memory (NIM) model is a new model for recognition memory that operates on natural visual input. A biologically informed perceptual preprocessing method takes local samples (eye fixations) from a natural image and translates these into a feature-vector representation. During recognition, the model compares incoming preprocessed natural input to stored representations. By complementing the recognition memory process with a perceptual front end, the NIM model is able to make predictions about memorability based directly on individual natural stimuli. We demonstrate that the NIM model is able to simulate experimentally obtained similarity ratings and recognition memory for individual stimuli (i.e., face images). 相似文献
187.
There has been a long-standing debate in the fields of philosophy and cognitive science surrounding the relationship of language to cognition, but the exact nature of this relationship is still unclear (Sokolov, 1968/1972). In the current study, we explored the role of language in one aspect of cognition, namely problem solving, by administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to stroke patients with varying degrees of language impairment (Experiment 1) and to normal participants under conditions of articulatory suppression (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, there was a significant correlation between performance on the WCST and language measures such as comprehension and naming. Demonstrating the specificity of this result, we also found a significant relationship between language performance and another test of problem solving, the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices, but no relationship between language and a test of visuospatial functioning. In Experiment 2, normal participants were significantly impaired on the WCST under conditions of articulatory suppression, relative to a baseline condition. Together, these findings suggest that language plays a role in complex problem solving, possibly through covert language processes. 相似文献
188.
189.
In this article, we trace and elucidate Heidegger’s radical re-thinking on the relation between science and technology from about 1940 until 1976. A range of passages from the Gesamtausgabe seem to articulate a reversal of the primacy of science and technology in claiming that “Science is applied technology.” After delving into Heidegger’s reflection on the being of science and technology and their “coordination,” we show that such a claim is essentially grounded in Heidegger’s idea that “Science and technology are the Same [das Selbe].” In addition, we argue that, although different ontic epochs can be distinguished in the evolvement of science and/or technology, for Heidegger there is only one unique ontological Epoch of modernity that encompasses various ontic epochs. Therefore, the change from an “epoch of objectivity” to an “epoch of orderability [Bestellbarkeit]” cannot be considered to be an ontological shift. Furthermore, it is not right to ascribe to Heidegger the view that the development of quantum physics signals the beginning of a new ontological Epoch. 相似文献
190.
Haike E. van Stralen Martine J.E. van Zandvoort Sylco S. Hoppenbrouwers Lidewij M.G. Vissers L. Jaap Kappelle H. Chris Dijkerman 《Cognition》2014