传教士与民国甘宁青社会赈灾研究

民国时期,甘宁青地区水旱和地震等自然灾害频仍,成为阻碍社会发展的重要因素。西方传教士在着力布道的同时,也密切关注该地区的自然灾害。传教士在第一时间深入灾区调查,以客观公正的眼光记述灾情,撰写了详细调查报告,发往外界,使外界对灾情有了明确的认识;同时,传教士身体力行参与到灾区的救济当中,他们将各地捐来的款项用以工代赈、兴办贫儿院的方式救济灾民,使灾区得到部分复苏。不可否认,传教士积极参与救灾有笼络人心、扩大教会影响、劝导民众入教之目的,但传教士秉持基督博爱惠施的精神,努力赈灾所取得的成效应予以肯定。     

“Outside thinking” and “Horizontal logic”

Metaphysics is a repeated act by way of “representation”; the instantaneous judgment is solidified, the inevitable conclusion is made, and at the same time other possibilities are excluded. “Outside thinking” is a blow to the spiritual tradition of metaphysics, which holds that “representation” will lead to a differential activity concerning the relationship between stranger things. Such relationship follows a kind of “horizontal logic,” the latter discards the presupposition on the “origin” of things, that is, it no longer presumes that this point or that point has greater privilege than “other points.” Things do not develop from a central point. Rather, things are the result of innumerable “points” in cooperative relationships between strangers. These cooperative relationships are arbitrary. In “horizontal logic,” many “starting points” or “spiritual T-points” are used as substitutes for a unique “origin.”     

舍勒的羞愧现象学

与“抽象的”研究伦理学“概念”的做法不同,舍勒在胡塞尔现象学基础上,直接描述具有道德价值的“具体心情”。舍勒试图把哲学从“天上”拉回到“地上”,他以描述的方式,分析具有现象学性质的“心情”,在胡塞尔应该说“纯粹意识”的地方,舍勒说“纯粹心情”或“纯粹价值”,让这些心情本身具有道德价值含义。羞耻感是返回自身的心情,是冲向自己的意向的转变,天然具有现象学的意义。在这个意义上,现象学又是一门升华心情的学问,就悔悟而言,不再是消极的而是积极的心情,改变从前的心理习惯,让精神生活重新开始。因此,悔悟是战胜自己的积极途径。     

Adaptation and communicative design.

Two theoretical frameworks that examine the nature of adaptability and mutual influence in interaction, interpersonal deception theory and interaction adaptation theory, were used to derive hypotheses concerning patterns of interaction that occur across time in truthful and deceptive conversations. Two studies were conducted in which senders were either truthful or deceptive in their interactions with a partner who increased or decreased involvement during the latter half of the conversation. Results revealed that deceivers felt more anxious and were more concerned about self‐presentation than truthtellers prior to the interaction and displayed less initial involvement than truthtellers. Patterns of interaction were also moderated by deception. Deceivers increased involvement over time but also reciprocated increases or decreases in receiver involvement. However, deceivers were less responsive than truthtellers to changes in receiver behavior. Finally, partner involvement served as feedback to senders regarding their own performance.     

Sex differences in mortality rates among long-stay psychiatric inpatients

Study of the sex ratio of mortality rates among three categories of long-term psychiatric inpatients suggests a trend toward equalization of death rates between the sexes by specific cause of death, given the constant inpatient environment. The most dramatic example of this equalization was the virtual parity of death rates for ischemic heart disease among younger schizophrenic patients of both sexes in contrast to a three- to fourfold male excess in the general population. An exception to this equalization was seen for neoplasm deaths, which showed a female excess in all three patient groups in contrast to the male excess seen in the general population. Further study of chronically hospitalized psychiatric patients seems indicated to delineate patterns of death associated with biologic variation in a relatively constant environment.     

Influence of the large–small split effect on strategy choice in complex subtraction

Two main theories have been used to explain the arithmetic split effect: decision‐making process theory and strategy choice theory. Using the inequality paradigm, previous studies have confirmed that individuals tend to adopt a plausibility‐checking strategy and a whole‐calculation strategy to solve large and small split problems in complex addition arithmetic, respectively. This supports strategy choice theory, but it is unknown whether this theory also explains performance in solving different split problems in complex subtraction arithmetic. This study used small, intermediate and large split sizes, with each split condition being further divided into problems requiring and not requiring borrowing. The reaction times (RTs) for large and intermediate splits were significantly shorter than those for small splits, while accuracy was significantly higher for large and middle splits than for small splits, reflecting no speed–accuracy trade‐off. Further, RTs and accuracy differed significantly between the borrow and no‐borrow conditions only for small splits. This study indicates that strategy choice theory is suitable to explain the split effect in complex subtraction arithmetic. That is, individuals tend to choose the plausibility‐checking strategy or the whole‐calculation strategy according to the split size.     

从结构主义到后结构主义（上）

我们把读者的记忆倒退20多年前,当二十世纪八十年代初中国开始介绍法国结构主义时,在它的故乡,这种哲学方法已经渐渐被后结构主义或解构主义所取代.令人遗憾的是,多年来国内对结构主义的研究一直没有真正的展开,总体上仍然限于翻译和一般性介绍,对于其对西方传统哲学乃至文明的颠覆作用一直缺少准确意义上的理解,这种偏差源于结构主义奠基于与我们的象形文字并不一致的索绪尔语言学理论,使我们从汉字文化角度理解它非常困难.     

Deformation behaviour and 6H-LPSO structure formation at nanoindentation in lamellar high Nb containing TiAl alloy

Microstructure and deformation mechanisms at a nanoindentation in the lamellar colony of high Nb containing TiAl alloy have been studied using the focused ion beam and the transmission electron microscopy. Considerable deformation twins are observed around the nanoindentation, and a strain gradient is generated. A continuous change in the bending angle of the lamellar structure can be derived, and a strain-induced grain refinement process is observed as various active deformations split the γ grains into subgrains. In addition to all possible deformation mechanisms (ordinary dislocation, super-dislocation and deformation twining) activated due to the heavy plastic deformation, a 6-layer hexagonal (6H) long-period stacking ordered structure is identified for the first time near the contact zone and is thought to be closely related to the glide of partial dislocations.     

On initial item selection in cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing

There has recently been much interest in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) for cognitive diagnosis. While there exist various item selection criteria and different asymptotically optimal designs, these are mostly constructed based on the asymptotic theory assuming the test length goes to infinity. In practice, with limited test lengths, the desired asymptotic optimality may not always apply, and there are few studies in the literature concerning the optimal design of finite items. Related questions, such as how many items we need in order to be able to identify the attribute pattern of an examinee and what types of initial items provide the optimal classification results, are still open. This paper aims to answer these questions by providing non‐asymptotic theory of the optimal selection of initial items in cognitive diagnostic CAT. In particular, for the optimal design, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the Q ‐matrix structure of the initial items. The theoretical development is suitable for a general family of cognitive diagnostic models. The results not only provide a guideline for the design of optimal item selection procedures, but also may be applied to guide item bank construction.