公共资源困境中领导对群体成员合作行为的影响

过去社会困境的领导研究大多都以被试作为领导, 发现贴上领导标签后, 被试倾向于拿取更多的公共资源, 从而有碍公共利益的实现。本研究指出, 如果领导的背叛行为能够使群体成员表现出自我节制行为的话, 那么设置领导则有可能促进公共利益的实现。研究通过三个实验, 考察领导与普通群体成员不同的行为方式以及领导的产生方式对群体成员行为的影响, 并检验公平理论和社会认同理论的解释力。研究结果表明, 领导表现出背叛行为时, 被试表现出更多的自我节制行为; 指派领导及外群体选举领导背叛时, 被试表现出更多的自我节制行为, 验证了社会认同理论的正确性。     

缺血修饰白蛋白在急性冠脉综合征中的临床应用研究

缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA),是一种反映急性心肌缺血的新的生化标志物,具有灵敏度高、阴性预测值高、时间窗窄等优点,是第一个经美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准销售的心肌缺血标志物.近年来诸多研究证明缺血修饰蛋白在急性冠脉综合征的早期诊断、危险分层、指导治疗以及评估预后等方面具有重要临床意义,是目前较为理想的检测心肌缺血的生化标志物.本文就IMA的形成机制、检测方法及临床应用研究等方面作一综述.     

Sinful flesh: Sexual objectification threatens women's moral self

The current investigation examined whether sexual objectification leads to perceived contamination in women victims, which, in turn, triggers sinful feelings. The results of three experiments provide converging support for these predictions. Female participants reported greater sinful feelings than their non-objectified counterparts, after receiving objectifying comments on their physical appearance from an alleged male partner (Experiment 1) or recalling a past experience of objectification (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, perceived contamination mediated the effect of objectification on sinful feelings. We also found that perceived personal responsibility of being objectified moderated the above effects, such that the effects were only observed among participants who perceived themselves as highly responsible for objectification experience, but not among those who perceived low personal responsibility. These findings contribute to the literature by explaining why objectification elicits sinful feelings in female victims and who is more susceptible to this influence.     

Scientific Realism and the Meanings of Theoretical Terms

In contemporary philosophy of science, there are many interesting arguments for and against scientific realism with regard to the meaningfulness and truthfulness of theoretical statements. Some anti-realists hold that since many important concepts in scientific theories have no specific referents, the relevant theoretical statements are therefore either false or meaningless. In this essay, I join the debates concerning the plausibility of scientific realism by focusing on two intertwined issues： first, that of how we can we explicate the meaningfulness of theoretical statements, especially statements pertaining to unobservable objects, and second, that of the meaningfulness of theoretical statements for our acceptance of scientific realism.     

创伤后成长的促进因素、模型及干预

创伤后成长(Post-traumatic Growth, PTG)是指人们在经历了严重的压力性生活事件或创伤性事件后, 由于对抗压力所引起心理的积极变化。本研究对国外创伤后成长进行归纳概括, 论述了促进创伤后成长的影响因素, 如人格特质、社会支持、益处寻求和意义建构。此外, 归纳了基于不同视角的PTG模型, 提出了促进PTG的干预策略, 针对PTG实证研究中某些相关变量的测量问题提出改进意见。未来应着重于开展具备多个评估点的纵向研究, 建构适用于不同人群的PTG理论模型。     

文化智力对少数民族预科生主观幸福感的影响:主流文化认同和自尊的链式中介作用

本研究基于文化智力理论与社会认同理论探讨了主流文化认同、自尊在文化智力与主观幸福感关系中的链式中介作用。研究采用文化智力量表、主流文化认同量表、自尊量表和幸福感指数量表对648名少数民族预科生进行调查。结果显示:(1)自尊是文化智力与少数民族预科生主观幸福感之间的中介变量;(2)主流文化认同是文化智力与少数民族预科生自尊的中介变量,因此,主流文化认同和自尊在文化智力与少数民族预科生主观幸福感之间起链式中介作用,这表明主流文化认同和自尊是影响文化智力与少数民族预科生主观幸福感之间关系的重要内因,研究结论对提高少数民族预科生主观幸福感具有重要的价值。     

慢性应激性抑郁发生中大鼠眶额叶多巴胺D1受体对谷氨酸及其NMDA受体的调节

本文旨在探讨慢性应激性抑郁发生过程中眶额叶多巴胺D1受体对谷氨酸(glutamic acid, Glu)及其N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, NMDA)受体的NR2B亚基的影响。实验通过建立慢性不可预见性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)抑郁模型, 结合眶额叶微量注射多巴胺D1受体激动剂SKF38393和多巴胺D1受体拮抗剂SCH23390, 运用糖水偏爱测试、悬尾实验和敞箱实验等方法检测动物的行为表现, 采用高效液相色谱法(high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)和蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blot, WB)来检测眶额叶内谷氨酸、多巴胺含量及NR2B和多巴胺D1受体的表达。结果显示, 与对照组相比, CUMS组大鼠表现出明显的抑郁样行为变化, 且眶额叶多巴胺含量降低, 其D1型受体表达降低, 谷氨酸含量升高, 其NMDA受体的NR2B亚基也明显上调; 注射SKF38393后可明显改善应激引起的抑郁样行为, 且眶额叶谷氨酸含量显著下降, NMDA受体的NR2B亚基表达也有所降低; 正常大鼠注射多巴胺D1受体拮抗剂SCH23390, 大鼠表现出和CUMS模型组相似的抑郁样行为, 且眶额叶谷氨酸含量升高, 其NMDA受体的NR2B亚基也明显上调。以上结果表明, 慢性不可预见性应激可能使眶额叶多巴胺释放减少, 从而使谷氨酸过量释放, NMDA受体过度激活, 导致抑郁发生。多巴胺抗抑郁作用是通过D1型受体抑制谷氨酸及其NMDA受体NR2B亚基表达来实现。     

不同情绪效价的DRM词表对错误记忆的影响

请49名在校大学生对自编的36个具有不同情绪效价的DRM词表进行评定,再以60名在校大学生为实验对象考察不同情绪效价的DRM词表对错误记忆的影响。结果发现,(1) 负性和中性DRM词表产生的错误记忆量显著高于正性DRM词表;(2) 被试在“记得/知道/猜测”判断上对负性和中性词表的关键诱饵倾向于“知道”,而对正性词表的关键诱饵更倾向于“记得”。结果表明,DRM词表本身所具有的情绪与人为诱发的情绪,对错误记忆的影响具有不同的性质和特点。     

How do children coordinate information about mental states with social norms?

We investigated how 3-7-year-olds weigh and coordinate information about specific mental states with social norms in the domain of contextually conventional rules. With increasing age, participants increasingly took into account an actor's mental state to predict that actor's behavior. In a criticism judgment task, 7-year-olds could assign criticism conditional on mental state, with response patterns similar to those of adults; 5-year-olds assigned criticism regardless of the actor's mental state. Three-year-olds tended not to assign criticism at all, irrespective of the actor's mental state. Results indicated that the ability to weigh and coordinate information about mental states with understanding of norms depends on age and on the particular type of judgment being made. To some extent, our results may also reflect the influence of culture and parenting.     

宗教信仰对亲社会行为的影响

以往研究发现宗教信仰与亲社会行为之间存在显著的正相关, 据此研究者提出“信仰-亲社会假设”试图证实两者的因果关系。本文主要从研究方法、影响因素及心理机制三个方面对信仰影响亲社会行为的研究进展进行介绍和评述。在研究早期, 研究者主要考察宗教信仰的归属身份对个体亲社会行为的影响; 而近年来, 研究者则越来越关注信仰启动对亲社会行为的影响。信仰对亲社会行为的作用受到信仰程度、文化背景、信仰认知和信仰取向等多种因素的影响。未来研究需要有效控制宗教信仰身份对亲社会测量的影响, 明确宗教信仰的操作性定义并改进相关的测量指标, 关注精神性的作用机制、“信仰-亲社会假设”的跨文化效应以及信仰概念对非宗教信仰群体的影响。