道德外语效应的三种机制及与外语水平的关系

道德外语效应(Moral Foreign Language effect)是指人们的道德判断在外语条件下发生改变的现象,自该效应提出以来,其背后的机制一直都是研究的热点。道德外语效应的解释机制主要有审慎加工增强、情绪反应减少和道德规范联结的减弱等。本文对三种影响机制进行了探讨,发现情绪、道德规范和外语水平对道德判断可能会产生影响。同时,本文指出未来可以从自我控制、认知启动效应、消极情绪启动效应及道德规范与外语水平之间的关系进行研究和探讨。     

解释水平理论的研究现状与展望

解释水平理论(construal level theory,CLT)提出,人们对事件的解释会随着对事件心理距离(时间距离、空间距离、社会距离、真实性)的知觉而发生系统改变,从而影响人们的反应.具体来说,当知觉事件的距离较远时,人们使用抽象、本质和总体的特征对事件进行表征(高水平解释);当知觉距离较近时,人们倾向于以具体、表面和局部的特征对事件进行表征(低水平解释).解释水平的这些差异有着重要的心理意义在远距离条件下,与高水平解释相关的特征在个体的决策和判断等过程中起着重要作用;而在近距离条件下,与低水平解释相关的特征在决策和判断中更受重视.     

焦虑性神经症的认知和躯体感觉研究

从Ｓｃｈａｃｈｔｅｒ的二因素理论和Ｂｅｃｋ的认知模式观点出发,采用信念量表、广场恐怖认知问卷、躯体感觉问卷、Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ焦虑及抑郁量表,以抑郁患者和正常人两组作对照,调查了焦虑患者的焦虑、认知及躯体感觉的相互关系。初步结论是,“躯体损害性”自动想法和对躯体感觉的过分担心是临床焦虑的特征;“社会、行为后果性”想法似乎是焦虑和抑郁患者共有的。焦虑的认知内容是以“危险”为主题的,躯体感觉和认知错解在焦虑发生发展中起重要作用。“危险”的负性自动想法和焦虑关系密切,而由非理性信念所反映的特定的认知图式可能促使患者过度夸大危险性。这一结果在一定程度上支持了两因素理论和Ｂｅｃｋ的认知模式     

对皮亚杰理论忽视社会因素作用的不同认识

皮亚杰关于社会因素对儿童认知发展的作用问题,长期受到一些心理学家的批评。针对这些批评,本文首先简要叙述了批评者批评皮亚杰忽视社会因素作用的理论依据。接着,对皮亚杰有关社会因素的主要论述进行了分析。最后,对社会因素在皮亚杰儿童认知发展理论中的作用作出了与批评者不同的评价。     

对《韦氏成人智力量表等几种心理测验修订中存在的问题》一文的商榷

谈加林同志在《心理学报》1986年第3期上发表《韦氏成人智力量表等几种心理测验修订中存在的问题》一文,认为龚耀先同志负责的全国心理测验协作组在修订韦氏成人智力量表等几种心理测验中,对常模样本的代表性、常模群体的界定及分数组合与等距性问题上有着“忽视了这些工作而没有尽自己能力”的问题。并指出韦氏智力量表Tellegen简式用法的使用错误问题。笔者认为:该文提出的观点由于概念上的模糊,对测验编制者编制目的的不甚了解,故他所指出的几个问题在不同程度上存在着错误,特撰文商榷。     

Contingent leadership and effectiveness of trauma resuscitation teams

This research investigated leadership and effectiveness of teams operating in a high-velocity environment, specifically trauma resuscitation teams. On the basis of the literature and their own ethnographic work, the authors proposed and tested a contingency model in which the influence of leadership on team effectiveness during trauma resuscitation differs according to the situation. Results indicated that empowering leadership was more effective when trauma severity was low and when team experience was high. Directive leadership was more effective when trauma severity was high or when the team was inexperienced. Findings also suggested that an empowering leader provided more learning opportunities than did a directive leader. The major contribution of this article is the linkage of leadership to team effectiveness, as moderated by relatively specific situational contingencies.     

时间判断的视听通道效应的实验研究

该实验用视觉或听觉两种方式一次呈现两个时距,随机地指定其中的一个时距要求被试立即再现或延迟5秒再现。实验结果表明:①对短时距信息(1秒,1.5秒,2秒)的判断,听觉比视觉具有明显的优势,听觉的再现时距较精确,延迟对听觉的时间信息检测的破坏作用较小;而对长时距信息(10秒,11秒,12秒)的判断,却未发现听觉比视觉有优势现象。②通道效应的产生机制源于记忆的特点而不是感觉储存的特点。③对短时距的判断通常表现为正时间顺序误差,而对长时距的判断则表现为负时间顺序误差。     

Individual and group advice taking in judgmental forecasting: Is group forecasting superior to individual forecasting?

We examined how individuals and groups behave in making judgmental forecasts when they are given external forecast advice. We compare individual and group advice-taking behavior under different conditions: (a) when advice quality is fixed, (b) when advice quality is randomly varied, and (c) when there is feedback on advice quality or not. Participants in Study 1 received fixed advice of either reasonable or unreasonable quality while making their decisions. Participants in Study 2 randomly received both reasonable and unreasonable advice. We found in both studies that groups feel more confident than individuals. This greater confidence decreased the groups' reliance on advice. We also found that groups are better than individuals at discerning the quality of advice. In the group treatment, the group's reliance on advice increased according to the degree of disagreement with the initial decisions of the group members. In Study 3, participants randomly received both reasonable and unreasonable advice, and in addition, they received feedback on actual realizations that enabled them to learn about the quality of advice. In the presence of feedback on random advice quality, groups are no longer less receptive to advice than individuals; with feedback, both individuals and groups discount advice more than they do without feedback. Nevertheless, groups are still better than individuals at discerning the quality of advice. We conclude that group forecasting is better than individual forecasting across various conditions that we investigate except when advice quality is known to be consistently reliable.     

空间路线学习中的前向测试效应

空间路线信息学习中的前向测试效应及其机制有待检验。研究以虚拟背景下的住宅小区为实验材料, 要求被试学习同一场景4个方向的路线信息(实验1)以及4个不同场景(实验2)的路线信息。结果表明, 在路线1~3的测试中, 同一场景下路线信息相似性高, “隔离”干扰的难度大, 在测试过程中的干扰率高于不同场景的路线信息。在路线4的测试中, 两个实验中测试组的回忆正确率均显著高于重学组, 干扰率则显著低于重学组, 出现了前向测试效应。这些发现表明, 测试可以通过“隔离”来自先前学习信息的前摄干扰来增强后续空间信息的学习。研究结果揭示了空间路线学习中的前向测试效应及其机制, 支持前摄抑制减少理论, 证实了前向测试效应在生活中具有广阔的应用性。