Which body features are associated with female adolescents’ body dissatisfaction? A cross-cultural study in Australia,China and Malaysia

This study investigated how dissatisfaction with various aspects of the body is associated with overall body dissatisfaction among female adolescents in Western and Asian cultures. Data used in the study were obtained from 58 Malaysian Malays, 95 Malaysian Chinese, 242 Chinese from China, and 81 non-Asian Australians aged 12–19 years (M = 15.72, SD = 1.72) who were recruited from high schools. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing dissatisfaction with their body overall, and dissatisfaction with varying aspects of their body. Malaysian Chinese were the most dissatisfied with their bodies. After controlling for body mass index (BMI), age and dissatisfaction with weight/shape, upper, middle and lower body, and muscles, dissatisfaction with the face was positively correlated with overall body dissatisfaction among Malaysian Malays and Australians. These findings demonstrate the importance of using assessment measures that address all possible areas of body focus as well as being tailored to the relevant culture.     

语义饱和现象及其认知机制

大部分人有过长时间注视一个字之后突然不认识这个字,或多次重复背诵一个词语后会发现这个词变得“陌生”的经历.早期的心理学家发现在字词持续注意过程中语义会丢失,他们将这种现象命名为语义饱和.经过100多年的研究,众多心理学家发展了多种语义评价的方法来测量语义饱和,并发现语义饱和可能发生在知觉表征、语义加工或者词语表征与语义的联结阶段.类似的现象在中文等语标文字加工中表现出一种特有的字形饱和.近年来,新的认知心理学实验范式和神经科学技术的发展将有可能使得语义饱和研究取得重要的突破.     

A qualitative study of preadolescent boys’ and girls’ body image: Gendered ideals and sociocultural influences

This qualitative study examined preadolescent boys’ and girls’ body ideals, and peer and media factors that shape these ideals. Sixty-eight children aged 8–10 participated in semi-structured interviews: 19 boys and 17 girls in individual interviews and 16 boys and 16 girls in eight group interviews. Techniques from grounded theory were used to analyze the data. Findings demonstrated that fitness was an important element of boys’ and girls’ body ideals. For boys the emphasis was on sport, and this was promoted by their peer interactions and the sportsmen they admired. For girls the focus was on looking good, and this was reinforced by their peer conversations, and the actresses and singers they admired. Focus groups further highlighted how peers both reinforced media messages, yet also helped children critique media messages. Implications are discussed for prevention programs that need to be specifically tailored for boys and girls.     

“授人以筌”——评析卡尔·罗杰斯的学习理论

在教学上人们一直围绕着教育是"授人以鱼"还是"授人以渔"展开激烈的讨论,"鱼"和"渔"何者为重,似乎毋庸置疑。人本主义心理学的创始人之一罗杰斯把从事数十年的心理治疗方法"来访者中心疗法"应用到教育领域,在"鱼"和"渔"的选择上二者皆抛,提出的以学生为中心的学习理论体现了一种"授人以筌"的教育理念。本文从其学习理论的提出、教育理念等方面予以说明。     

Swedish pupils' suggested coping strategies if cyberbullied: Differences related to age and gender

The aim of this study was to investigate the coping strategies that Swedish 10 and 12 year‐olds (N = 694) suggested they would use if they were cyberbullied, with a special focus on whether there are differences in these strategies related to age and gender. The most commonly suggested coping strategy was telling someone, especially parents and teachers (70.5%). Surprisingly few of the pupils reported that they would tell a friend (2.6%). Differences in suggested coping strategies were found related to age and gender. Findings are discussed in relation to the Swedish sociocultural context as well as in relation to the implications for prevention strategies against cyberbullying.     

不同语义水平下参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价对记忆的影响

为了探索影响记忆的深层次因素及其作用机制,采用内隐实验范式,考察了不同语义水平下参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价对记忆的影响。结果发现,参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价分别对记忆产生了显著的影响;在不同语义水平下,自我相关的特质词和非特质词的记忆优势表现在不同的再认提取阶段;个体对自我相关的消极词表现出显著的记忆优势;参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价的交互作用不显著。结果表明,参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价是对记忆产生影响的独立因素,但参照方式对记忆的影响受到情绪效价和特质评价的制约。     

论成纤维细胞在创面愈合中作用的认识历程

成纤维细胞对创面愈合作用的演变及进展是循环往复、以至无穷的过程,经过了“实践、认识、再实践、再认识”.本文详细介绍了成纤维细胞的发现史、成纤维细胞与创面愈合关系的初步探索、成纤维细胞对创面愈合的临床实践以及规颈.最后着重提出,未来成纤维细胞对创面愈合实践应用取得突破的三个关键点:基因工程、成纤维细胞胶原凝胶和干细胞.     

以系统论分析创面修复过程中γδT细胞的作用

在创面修复过程中γδT细胞起重要作用,它们之间是系统和要素的关系.系统论是很好的研究方法,整体性、动态化、最优化等是所有系统的共同的基本特征,同时也是系统论方法的基本原则.本文以系统论的观点分析创面修复过程中γδT细胞的作用,对系统论方法在创面修复过程中γδT细胞作用研究中的应用作一初步探讨.     

青少年同伴冲突解决策略新进展

本文通过回溯近20年来国内外有关青少年同伴冲突的研究,在总结其在冲突解决策略的划分类型、影响因素及其理论、实证研究等各方面研究成果的同时,也指出了在研究方法及测量工具上的不足;并对未来同伴冲突解决策略的研究做出了展望。