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51.
The epistemic status of inter-item correlations in Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire: the a priori versus the empirical in psychological data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
JAN SMEDSLUND 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1987,28(1):42-55
Judgements of the semantic relatedness of items in Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire and the corresponding inter-item correlations were found to be significantly related. The results are taken to indicate that the inter-item correlations are knowable a priori and, hence, are not empirical. It is also argued that the reported findings themselves are knowable a priori , and that the study, therefore, is pseudoempirical, that is, attempts to test necessarily true propositions empirically. The study was intended to demonstrate concretely the distinction between a priori and empirical in psychological data, and to indicate the confusion arising when that distinction is not made. 相似文献
52.
JAN II. R. GUNDERSEN 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1989,30(2):81-89
The MMPI responses of a poor and good final outcome group from a follow-up study of anorexia nervosa were compared with responses of a group of anorexic patients in the acute phase. The poor outcome group produced elevated scores in the psychopathological range except on scales 4, 5 and 9. No elevations occurred in the good outcome group and the MMPI thus discriminated significantly between different kinds of final outcome of anorexia nervosa. The profile of the patients in the acute phase at time of testing was not significantly different from the poor outcome group profile. In order to improve the predictive validity of the MMPI related to anorexia nervosa, the paper points to possible directions for further research. 相似文献
53.
HIDEKO TAKESHITA and JAN A. R. A. M. VAN HOOFF 《The Japanese psychological research》1996,38(3):163-173
Abstract: Chimpanzees have a large repertoire of tool-use behaviors. This study reports on the variety and the extent of tool use exhibited by the chimpanzees of the Arnhem Zoo community in The Netherlands, living in an enriched captive setting since 1971. The use of tools by 29 chimpanzees aged from 0 to 37 years was observed. We identified 13 types of tool use comparable to those found in the wild. Some of these types of tool use seem to be specific to this community, and can be explained by the ecological characteristics of this captive setting. Chimpanzees started to use tools from the age of 2 years. Young chimpanzees, from 5 to 9 years old, showed a greater repertoire of tool use than infants and adults. All types of tool use in the community have appeared by the age of 10, the age of puberty for chimpanzees. Multivariate analysis was applied for the 29 individuals by 13 types of tool use in a one-zero matrix. The results show two major categories of tool use, one in a practical or substantial context and the other in a nonpractical or play context. The subjects clustered into groups reflecting developmental stages, although there are great individual differences. In conclusion, this captive community provides a unique opportunity to clarify the details of tool use by chimpanzees. 相似文献
54.
Abstract.— A discriminant-analysis method for dichotomized data, based on the weighted H -index as the similarity measure between two persons, is introduced. The weight assigned each item is a strictly increasing function of the absolute value of its D -estimate. Here, only power functions are used. The method which is called the WHIDD-analysis, is applied to some clinical data (Jonsson, 1975). The power of 3 produces a correct classification of all 32 persons in the validation group. 相似文献
55.
JAN SMEDSLUND 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1978,19(1):1-14
Bandura's (1977) theory of self-efficacy is translated into non-technical language and is shown to consist of logically necessary rather than empirically testable statements. As an alternative to the dominant empiricist view, it is argued that valid theories in psychology are explications of conceptual relationship imbedded in ordinary language (common sense). This conceptual network is anterior to both observation and theorizing. The analogy between the tasks of pre-Euclidean geometry and contemporary psychology is explored. The tasks are seen as involving explication of our implicit concepts of respectively space and people. One consequence of the stated view is that much psychological research is pointless since it attempts to verify logically necessary statements by empirical methods. 相似文献
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Learning of negative linear and J-shaped cue-criterion relations in single-cue learning tasks was studied in an experiment which varied the length of the postfeedback interval. Contrary to the predictions from a hypothesis construction model assuming that subjects construct hypotheses from the data provided by the task, there was no effect of the postfeedback interval. The results were interpreted to mean that the subjects' constructions are based on elements stored in memory, rather than on data from the task. 相似文献
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Abstract.— Minor modifications of the usual serial anticipation procedure did not affect the well-known Serial Position Effect (SPE), while the errors, i.e. Intra-list-Intrusions (ILI) and Failure-TeRespond (FTR), showed deviations from the usual distributions. It was therefore concluded that the SPE should not be analysed in terms of different error types, ILI and FTR. Transfer-to-position measured by means of a number-syllable paired association (PA) task, and a free-recall test of the original serial anticipation list measured after the termination of the PA-task showed a skewed and a symmetrical trend respectively. It was suggested that response-learning accounted for the symmetrical component of the SPE while association-to-position, contrary to prevailing views, was responsible for the skewed component. 相似文献
60.