Stimulus generalization and the peak shift with movement stimuli

Stimulus generalization is suggested as an alternative method for examination of the "novelty" problem in motor learning. These experiments demonstrated that stimulus generalization occurs using simple movements as stimuli. The phenomenon of the "peak shift" in post-discrimination generalization gradients was also examined. The first experiment demonstrated that a peak shift occurred using linear movements as stimuli and that the magnitude of the peak shift increased as the difference between the training stimuli decreased. The second experiment showed similar results when the stimuli consisted of a range of movements rather than single movement length. The final experiment provided evidence that perception of movement length is influenced by the magnitude of an immediately preceding movement. The relevance of these studies to current motor-learning theory is discussed.     

Scoring the Rorschach: a constructive critique of Exner's Comprehensive Rorschach System

John Exner's rationale for scoring the Rorschach and his decision to score "blend" responses by assigning equal weights are critically reviewed. The resultant exclusion of new responses made during the Inquiry of the Free Association responses is viewed as a major deficiency in the Comprehensive Rorschach System. A change to Klopfer's "Main-Additional" scoring method is recommended as a corrective.     

Response rate, latency, and resistance to change

Pigeons were trained on a multiple variable-interval/variable-interval schedule with pacing contingencies that generated high response rates in one component and low response rates in the other. Timeout periods separated the schedule components. During resistance-to-change tests, response-independent food was presented during the timeout periods, and the duration of that food presentation was varied among test sessions. Response rates in the schedule components decreased and latencies to the first response increased as a function of the duration of food presentations during the timeout. Both dependent measures changed about the same amount relative to their own baseline levels. The conclusions are that baseline response rates controlled by pacing contingencies are equally resistant to change, given equal reinforcement densities, and latency is a sensitive measure of resistance to change.     

GPS,一个模拟人类思惟的程序

GPS 是 General Problem Solver(通用问题解决者)的缩写,是一个计算机程序的名称。GPS 是用来探讨人工智能的一个重要手段,同时,它的各种变式也对人在解决问题时的思惟进行了模拟。GPS(以及在它之前的 Logic Thcory Machine,简称 LT 程序)的建立,标志着对思惟心理学的研究从传统的实验心理学方法跨入了信息加工的领域,用信息加工的观点和方法来探讨人的思惟行为。它为思惟心理学的研究,开拓了更广阔的前景。本文主要讨论 GPS 对人解决问题时的思惟行为的模拟,讨论人的思惟的心理学问题。     

《列宁的辩证法和实证主义的形而上学》一书结束语

当列宁在《哲学笔记》中尖锐而又十分明确地表达他对唯物辩证法的明快简练的观点时,这些观点决不只是(甚至可以说不是)作为他重新批判性地研究黑格尔著作的结论加以表述的,而是(甚至首先是)他在哲学领域中多年斗争的结果。这种斗争是他为反对马赫主义者、“主观社会学”的拥护者、“合法马克思主义者”以及把马克思主义思想僵化的教条主义等倾向而不得不进行的。这些倾向在第二国际的理论家中间(特别是在普列汉诺夫及其学生那里)表现得十分明显。     

IQ的生物学基础

智力研究的名声,已经被骗子的欺骗行径所败坏,为种族主义所沾污,就象炼丹术士的罐子一样黑。最近的争论集中在:智力是不是天生的?种族之间有没有区别?智力测验能否真正测量智力,或者只是表征一个人接受特定的文化的程度?目前有两个英国     

人的高级神经活动的年龄特点

生理学中已经积累了不少事实材料,可以说明人脑活动的年龄发育和退化的特征。但是,对某些时期,例如,对出生到7岁以及50岁之后的时期,进行了系统地研究,而对其它年龄期,只是作了些个别的研究工作。对高级神经活动生理学主要问题的研究也不平衡;对儿童第一信号系统水平上的条件反射活动形成的规律,研究得很充分,在这方面进行研究的有等人;对第二信号系统的发育和机能活动机制的研究却比较少,对确定儿童类型特点以及在理论和实践上都很重要的许多其它问题,研究得也不充分。因此,本文中材料的安排也相应地不平衡。     

苏联教育科学院普通和教育心理学研究所科学活动的总结和展望

苏联教育科学院普通和教育心理学研究所是我国最早的心理学研究机构之一。1982年是这个研究所成立七十周年。关于它的历史,它在发展俄国和苏联心理科学中的作用,这个所的著名科学家在这门科学中所做的贡献,已有许多著作阐述。本文专门谈这个研究所的科学活动的一般总结和展望(文中所用材料是由这个所的主要研究人员提供的)。     

起源及综合

在这篇文章中,我们讨论比较心理学史的一些情况,并阐述比较心理学及社会生物学之间一个特殊的接触点,它可作为把这两门以及有关学科整合起来的焦点。我们探索的思路是