评马克思主义对《纯粹理性批判》的理解

1.关于哲学的“性质、方法和概念”,在最近一百五十年的哲学史上有过许多争论。元哲学讨论占去了哲学思考和反哲学思考的一大部分时间。这有时就被解释为“哲学的终结”(海德格尔语)或一种“神经病”(赖尔语)。除了这些评价之外,这些讨论对于阐明作为活动的哲学的性质,是富有成果的和必要的。这种元哲学反思的一个重要方面,是说明什么是哲学问题这样一个问题。哲学家们的众所周知的不一致,也扩及到这个问题上来。但不管他们采取什么理论立     

论库恩的《科学革命的结构》和科学发展的辩证法

本世纪六十年代资产阶级科学哲学演变的特点是同在此以前占统治地位的实证主义坚决分道扬镳。“在现代自然科学和社会科学的哲学中,主要倾向是反实证主义”——西方现代逻辑学-方法论的刊物上常常这样说。对这一现象进行历史和哲学的     

康德思想今论

一、康德的哲学体系实践理性的首要意义思考康德哲学现实意义的人,首先注意的是康德哲学的系统性。康德是一位伟大的系统学家,康德关于哲学知识结构的观念,至今仍未过时。我们在康德手稿中可以读到这样一段话:“有些人认为,系统只与叙述有关,其实,认识和思维的客体也有系统……有些人打算构筑体系,而他们搞出来的不过是些组合物。构筑这种东西,需要的只是一种方法;系统需要方法……不掌握系统,可以获得历史知识,在一     

评《康德哲学中的行为原则》一书

康德既没有在他的道德哲学中,也没有在他的《人本学》中,“提出过一种详细的理性的行为哲学”,这是近现代有关康德的文献一向感到遗憾的事情。放在我们面前的F.考尔巴赫的这本全面解释康德的书的标题,却一下子就使我们感到不胜惊讶,因为它谈的竟完全是康德哲学中的“行为原则”问题。多年来他发表了一大批论康德哲学的书籍和文章,这些著作不但证明了他是最杰出的康德解释者之一,也证明了他是一个最坚持己见的人。当然他也知道,康德本人“并没有很明显地使行动的概念成为他的哲学的论题”。然而康德哲学的“论述”却贯穿着“能交织出一种行为理论的线索”;他甚至认为     

解释康德学说的几条途径——第四届国际康德讨论会情况报告

H.劳纳教授领导的伯尔尼方法论研究所(F.格瑞特联合会)于1980年5月1日至4日召开了一次康德哲学讨论会,有十一篇论文讨论了康德哲学的各种问题。讨论会不但表明了,对康德的解释存在着巨大的困难,而且也表明了,康德的学说仍有着重要的现实意义,对康德学说的兴趣已打破了语言的界限和哲学的传统。在这一方面最突出的例证就是那些试图用(内涵)逻辑的形式方法来解释康德某些著作的论文。 L W.贝克的《康德论自然界的规律性》,E.埃     

卡尔·鲍波尔—垄断国家改良主义哲学家

在本章的标题中,我之所以这样称呼鲍波尔,是因为他的哲学主要是为德意志联邦共和国垄断国家改良主义提供理论依据效劳的。不过,我要避免使人产生这样一种印象,好象鲍波尔的哲学并没有被保守势力所利用似的。比如属于鲍波尔“批判理性主义”圈子里的托皮奇(Topitsch),就是一位露骨的保守人物。鲍波尔的哲学成了资产阶级“社会工艺学”,(Sozialtechnologie)一切变种的总根子。     

用皮肤辨别颜色

绝大多数人是用视觉系统来辨别颜色的。但是,也有人能用手指辨认颜色。心理学家扎瓦拉(Zavala)、范科特(Van Cott)、奥尔(Orr)和斯莫尔(Small)对一个自称能用手指辨认颜色的人进行了广泛的研究并于一九六七年发表了研究结果。他们用多种作业让被试辨认。有一次让被试蒙住眼睛后对不同颜色的朴克进行分类。测查证明她是成功的,超过了简单猜测的水平;能够把红色和白色、红色和兰色区别开来,但不能区别兰色和白色。另外一次测试,她能确定在她手上是否有一道光照。照射到手上     

Adaptive regression and types of cognitive flexibility

The relationship between adaptive regression and cognitive flexibility was explored in a group of 42 college students. Adaptive regression was measured with the Holt scoring system for the Rorschach. One type of cognitive flexibility was measured by Guilford's tests of divergent production (Word Fluency, Associational Fluency, and Alternate Uses) and a second type by Mednick's Remote Associates Test. Adaptive regression was found to be significantly positively related to the Remote Associates Test in males but not in females. Adaptive regression was found to be unrelated to divergent production tests. These relationships were not found to be mediated by Rorschach productivity or verbal intelligence. A two-stage process was proposed to account for the cognitive operations underlying adaptive regression and the Remote Associates Test. The first stage is seen as a generative (primary process) stage, while the second stage is seen as an evaluative (secondary process) stage. Possible reasons for sex differences were also discussed.     

Impulsivity and paced tapping

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that impulsivity is positively related to both the intraindividual variability and the rate of performance of a paced tapping task. The independent variable in the tapping task were: feedback vs. no feedback; tempo; concurrent cognitive task (counting) vs. no concurrent cognitive task. Three measures of tapping performance were computed: absolute or total error of tapping, tapping rate, and the intraindividual variability of tapping. The results confirm the hypothesis that impulsivity is positively related to rate of paced tapping, although the degree of relationship varied under different experimental conditions within the paced tapping task. Intraindividual variability of tapping was not significantly related to impulsivity, but the results were suggestive of a positive relationship.     

How to maximize reward rate on two variable-interval paradigms

Without assuming any constraints on behavior, we derive the policy that maximizes overall reward rate on two variable-interval paradigms. The first paradigm is concurrent variable time-variable time with changeover delay. It is shown that for nearly all parameter values, a switch to the schedule with the longer interval should be followed immediately by a switch back to the schedule with the shorter interval. The matching law does not hold at the optimum and does not uniquely specify the obtained reward rate. The second paradigm is discrete trial concurrent variable interval-variable interval. For given schedule parameters, the optimal policy involves a cycle of a fixed number of choices of the schedule with the shorter interval followed by one choice of the schedule with the longer interval. Molecular maximization sometimes results in optimal behavior.