哲学的历史性事业

本期发表了一组有关俄国哲学史的译文。19世纪末和本世纪初,俄国涌现出一大批在国内外深有影响的唯心主义哲学家和宗教哲学家。1985年以后,特别是近两年来,苏联哲学界一改以往的回避传统做法,着手出版百卷左右的《祖国哲学思想史丛书》,《哲学问题》等杂志特辟专栏,大量发表介绍这些哲学家生平的文章和他们的著作节选。这些现象不能不引起各国哲学工作者的注意和深思。这里介绍的三位哲学家是三个不同时期最具代表性的人物,但这里选登的三篇文章并不完全是他们的代表作。读者若能从这些文字中粗略地了解到俄国宗教唯心主义哲学之一斑,或进而看到苏联哲学已经并正在发生的变化,就不负编者的初衷了。     

逻辑与思维

康德相信亚里士多德逻辑的不可更改性,依赖于这样一种思想:逻辑规则陈述‘思维形式’,我们不得不遵照这些规则进行思维。这种思想引起了逻辑与“我们的思考方法”有什么关系的一系列复杂问题。虽然曾假定逻辑规则为“思维规律”是司空见惯的(见布尔1854版著作),但弗雷格有力的批评如此有影响,以致近来一直很少有人在任何模型或形     

社会主义生产关系的表现形式

一、社会主义生产关系的物化生产、分配、交换、消费以及经济关系的所有不同形态在实践中差不多总是表现为物的关系。生产关系直接或间接地同物发生联系。人生活和活动在物质世界中,与他人有密不可分的联系。但是,这种同他人的联系,在很大程度上是通过物表现出来的。一些人生产产品,而另一些人则消费产品。随着社会分工的发展,这种某一个人生产的产品被另一个人用于生产或者个人的消费的情况,正在越来越普遍。反之,每一个人消费的并不是他所生产的。一个人生产的物被另一个人所消费。物不仅应该通过生产过程,而且在进入消费之前还要通过分配和交换的过程。因此,在生产     

论经济管理中形式与内容的矛盾

对社会主义经济发展的种种矛盾进行深刻而又全面地研究,这无疑是必要的。本文只对社会主义经济矛盾之一——管理的形式与内容矛盾的某些方面做些分析。形式化的过程及形式化的结果是复杂多样的。形式化的结果可表现为法律行动、行政命令和社会传统(“不成文的法规”),但下面将探讨的则是形式化的两种基本经济方式:第一种     

德谟克利特的伦理学

认识德谟克利特(约生于公元前460年,卒年不详)的伦理观点,并确定这些观点在伦理学史上的地位,遇到了一个困难。我们所见到的这位哲学家的某些伦理学残篇(这些残篇的真实性至今还有争议)存在着明显的矛盾。对这些残篇中那些在公元前5世纪就已成为伦理学上思想争论的主要对象的问题,现在仍然存在着截然不同的论断。一方面,德谟克利特提出了可以说是他的伦理学的自然主义的(甚至是享乐主义的)方面的命题:“……快乐     

Establishing operations

The first two books on behavior analysis (Skinner, 1938; Keller & Schoenfeld, 1950) had chapter-length coverage of motivation. The next generation of texts also had chapters on the topic, but by the late 1960s it was no longer being given much treatment in the behavior-analytic literature. The present failure to deal with the topic leaves a gap in our understanding of operant functional relations. A partial solution is to reintroduce the concept of the establishing operation, defined as an environmental event, operation, or stimulus condition that affects an organism by momentarily altering (a) the reinforcing effectiveness of other events and (b) the frequency of occurrence of that part of the organism's repertoire relevant to those events as consequences. Discriminative and motivative variables can be distinguished as follows: The former are related to the differential availability of an effective form of reinforcement given a particular type of behavior; the latter are related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of environmental events. An important distinction can also be made between unconditioned establishing operations (UEOs), such as food deprivation and painful stimulation, and conditioned establishing operations (CEOs) that depend on the learning history of the organism. One type of CEO is a stimulus that has simply been paired with a UEO and as a result may take on some of the motivative properties of that UEO. The warning stimulus in avoidance procedures is another important type of CEO referred to as reflexive because it establishes its own termination as a form of reinforcement and evokes the behavior that has accomplished such termination. Another CEO is closely related to the concept of conditional conditioned reinforcement and is referred to as a transitive CEO, because it establishes some other stimulus as a form of effective reinforcement and evokes the behavior that has produced that other stimulus. The multiple control of human behavior is very common, and is often quite complex. An understanding of unlearned and learned establishing operations can contribute to our ability to identify and control the various components of such multiple determination.     

The effects of violence on infants and young children: international perspectives on prevention

People become subject to political and social violence when governments fail to give priority to basic health care or education. Attempts to meet foreign obligations also produce severe economic recessions which further impede efforts to improve the general quality of life of disadvantaged populations. Since multiple factors contribute to violence, a multidisciplinary approach is best suited to address the problem. For example, poverty and its associated risks are linked to violence, but living in poverty does not necessarily engender violence. Living in poverty may, however, fuel high rates of child mortality, illiteracy, malnutrition, excessive population growth, street children, and familial disintegration. An integrated action program was developed in Brazil for at-risk individuals and their families based upon the idea of building and reinforcing family ties and intergenerational togetherness. Undernourished infants, street children, the handicapped, women subjected to violence, and neglected senior citizens received special interventions in the program described in the text.     

重建权利和义务的平衡

以往我们过多地强调权利而忽视义务的教育使一些人错误地认为人们只有权利而不必尽义务。第二次世界大战后第二代人的一个代言人曾经提出一种新的、来自责任方面的自由,这种自由是指,人     

《结构》之后的路

该文槪略阐述了库恩本人自1962年《科学革命的结构》发表以来三十年的科学哲学探索历程。探索的中心议题是在肯定理论变化间存在不可通约性的前提下,科学知识是如何进化发展的。库恩强调了科学发展与生物演化之间的相似性,并自认为他是一位后达尔文康德主义者。库恩认为,在知识分化与改变过程的內在基础中,有某种类似康德的自在之物存在,它是永恒的、固定的和稳定的东西,且是不可言说、不可描述的,是处在时空之外的。仅此而论,库恩的这一新主张,是否会在目前科学哲学的平靜湖面上形成一个“一石激起千层浪”的新局面呢?我们将拭目以待。