“望子成龙”与“望父成龙”

龙,是我国古代传说中的一种能兴风作面,腾云驾雾的神异动物,封建社会中则把龙作为帝王的象征。现在当然没有皇帝了,不过龙现仍就被视为中华民族的代表或象征,如中国人就自称是“龙的传人”,“遥远的东方有条龙”等。因而,我们现在所说的两个“成龙”,只是父母希望子女或者是子女希望父母。能够成为社会上出人头地、出类拔草的人物、这可以说是全人类尤其是中国人普遍共有的心理及心愿。这种子女对父母及父母对子女的美好希望和要求．我觉得没有什么不对,,而是充满了积极的意义和向上的精神。从历史上看,“望子成龙”在中国一直具…     

日本企业训练员工的创造力之道

近年来,许多日本企业都在探索新的管理之道,以训练和培养员工的创造力为目的,以求突破四有的管理结构与制度。日本最大的化妆品集团资生坐总裁福原义着说：“目前,日本是依靠高技术和高素质的手段来推销商品,如果下个世纪仍只是这样做,就远远不够了,我们必须开始创造有灵魂的产品。”“我们的公司不能像行军一样,总裁发出指令后,全体员工只管赶紧执行。这样的公司不能在下世纪生存。”他希望通过塑造新的企业文化,让每个员工在公司的总体规划下发挥自己的潜能和创造力,订立并实现自己的工作目标。一、激发员工的思维和心灵：前不…     

Are research subjects adequately protected? A review and discussion of studies conducted by the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments

In light of information uncovered about human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War, an important charge for the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments was to assess the current state of protections for human research subjects. This assessment was designed to enhance the Committee's ability to make informed recommendations for the improvement of future policies and practices for the protection of research subjects. The Committee's examination of current protections revealed great improvement over those from the past, yet some problems remain. Although the data collected by the Committee highlight specific areas in need of attention, the Committee's work should be viewed in part as the beginning of a series of ongoing assessments of the adequacy and effectiveness of the protections afforded to human subjects.     

Beyond the relational principle of reinforcement

Behavior under baseline conditions in which the contingency is absent can shed some light on the individual's performance under a schedule, but is insufficient as a basis for prediction of performance. This insufficiency of the baseline data runs counter to a recent formalization of the relational principle of reinforcement (Donahoe, 1977). A more satisfactory predictive model must incorporate not only the baseline level of the instrumental response and that of the contingent response, but also the schedule requirements, the character of each response in relation to the other, and the behavior required in simply switching from each to the other.     

法兰克福哲学-社会学学派基本思想的历史发展

在六十年代,资本主义用以攻击马克思列宁主义的新手法,特别清楚地表现在所谓“新左派”运动这种独特的左倾机会主义思想体系中。这种运动在1968年法国五一六月事件中表现得最为明显。在此之前不久,它也表现在六十年代左翼学生运动中,这个运动开始于美国、后来波及西欧许多资本主义国家,还传播到日本。对六十年代思想斗争所作的分析令人信服地证明,这种左倾机会主义的主要思想根源之一,就是所     

哲学的实践

哲学的功用问题,一经深究,便显得非常困难了。它包括许许多多重要而详尽的课题,需要从意识形态、方法论和历史上去作具体的阐述。“功用”(function)这个词,源于拉丁文“functio”,主要是指活动、作业、任务和位置的意思。因此,它包含很广泛的一类问题,在这篇文章中,只讨论社会意识那些最普遍的形式。正因为如此,我现在至多只能提出我自己