新康德主义

新康德主义一词,是用来说明1870年至1920年间,遍及全德国的一种多少有些相似的哲学活动;它们都强烈地反对非理性主义与思辨的自然主义,确信只有回到康德的方法与精神上去,哲学才可能成为一种“科学”;除此之外,它们没有多少共同之处。这些哲学活动是实现了康德的预言,即一百年内他的哲学会得到复兴。由于康德哲学的复杂性与内部矛盾,新康德主义者从哥尼斯堡的圣人那里取来的经并不一样,他们主张不一,众说纷纭。到十九世纪末,新康德主义者之间,和在其初期第一代的康德主义者活     

哲学在马克思主义中的作用

1973年8月,南斯拉夫实践派的哲学家们,在科尔丘拉岛举行第十次夏季哲学问题讨论会。会议的总题目是:资本主义世界和社会主义。在这个标题下,大家也谈到了哲学的作用以及哲学和科学的关系。会上,G.彼得洛维奇就哲学的作用问题作了报告;接着,我也就这个论题发表了讲话。这篇讲话最初发表在1974年的《实践杂志》(第45页-52页)上。     

我们争论的是什么?(代结束语)

我不想涉及过去对我的文章的各种反应的全部内容,只想就述评的某些地方做些简要的答复,这些地方我认为需要加以解释。 1.我一再特别强调:我所捍卫的按照从抽象上升到具体的方法来叙述辩证法的命题并不是我提     

新托马斯主义批判

天主教教会及其意识形态特征对新托马斯主义哲学进行考察,必须先简略分析天主教教会在当今世界上的地位及其意识形态的一些特征。十九世纪后半叶,天主教教会从封建制度和君主制政体的卫士,变为反对工人阶级运动、反对社会主义、维护资产阶级的一种武器。天主教教会是教权主义运动中的一支极其强     

辩证逻辑

黑格尔对形式逻辑和辩证逻辑的看法辩证逻辑是德国哲学家黑格尔在十九世纪初引入的哲学术语。这个术语是他用来称呼自己关于一切“自然和精神事物”发展的规律的唯心主义学说的,又同被他作了歪曲解释的形式逻辑直接地对立起来。他正确地指出了他那个时代哲学理论的弊病之一,就是思维的规律和形式被形而上学地看作为某种一成不变的东西。其实,受工业生产的进步所制约的自然科学的发展已经表明,形而上学和它的     

The effect of landmark features on mental rotation times

By varying what we take to be the saliency oflandmarks (which are cues to location and orientation that are unique and visible from a distance), the slopes and intercepts of the time/angle function in the "mental rotation" task were caused to vary accordingly.     

The effects of primary reward on the I.Q. performance of grade-school children as a function of initial I.Q. level

The effect of candy reward on I.Q. scores was investigated in 72 first- and second-grade children. All subjects were administered Form A of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and, based upon these scores, were divided into three blocks: low, middle, and high. From each block, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (contingent reward, noncontingent reward, or no reward) that were in effect during administration of Form B. Results showed that candy given contingent upon each correct response increased I.Q. scores for the initially low scoring subjects, but had no influence on the scores of middle and high scoring subjects.     

Effects of signals preceding and following shock on baseline responding during a conditioned-suppression procedure

Long-Evans rats were exposed to a succession of conditioned-suppression procedures involving pairings of (1) signal-shock, (2) shock-signal, and (3) a signal-shock-signal sequence in which first and second signals were at first physically identical. Traditional suppression of food-reinforced responding was obtained under the signal-shock arrangement, and exposure to the shock-signal sequence resulted in conditioned enhancement of responding during the signal. The signal-shock-signal condition reliably suppressed responding during the first signal, but produced no differential effect on response rate during the second signal. Baseline responding was least changed from preshock rates under the signal-shock-signal procedure, but baseline rate was considerably reduced under the signal-shock and shock-signal arrangements, the latter yielding most substantial reductions. A second experiment indicated that the magnitude and direction of changes in baseline responding reported in Experiment I were not confined to cases in which the first and second signals in the signal-shock-signal arrangement were physically identical. It is suggested that the major effects of the conditioned-suppression procedure on response rate might not be confined to presentations of the signal.