Ethnicity and bruxism

Distributions of students of four ethnic groups were statistically significantly different. 106 African-American students reported the lowest incidence of self-reported bruxism (9.4%), 452 Asian students the highest incidence (24.6%); 312 Euro-American and 225 Hispanic students' incidence was intermediate.     

人类同等性和文化多样性

全人类有什么普遍之处？怎样把他们区别开？在考察这两个问题时,可以根据类型分成三个阶段：柏拉图式的论述、浪漫主义的对比法和当代的综合,最后是在当今的人类生物学和语言学中被推进和发展了的假说。一、柏拉图式的论述柏拉图式的论述中经常被引证的章句,不是见于柏拉图而是他的学生亚里士多德的著作中。在一本早期的小册子《论解释》的开头这样写道：全人类的书写标记是不相同的,他们的有声语言也是不相同的。但它们首先都是灵魂的情感符号,在这一点上全都是一样的;这些情感具有的事物相似性也是相同的。这说明人们所关心的都是相…     

什么是计算机?──网络上的讨论

1．引言电子邮件讨论转化为印刷文字的方法有几种。与试图模仿真实的谈话不同,这是一篇个人论文,内容是由其他撰稿人所提供的评论与答复。在这次电子邮件讨论中所提出的大多数实质性观点都包括在本文中,尽管并不总是按照它们出现的时间顺序进行排列的。本文所提出的问题旨在描述计算机的特征。根据瑟尔的观点,“计算机”和“计算”概念并不是那种自然的概念,任何事物如果具有足够数量的状态,都可视为是在从事某种计算,这只要把它的状态解释为具有合适的意义就可以了;这永远是合法的,因为这种外部解释是其唯一的手段,传统计算机中…     

转向语言学:1960-1975年的历史与理论和《历史与理论》

历史哲学看来是那些教小说的人的事。──弗兰克·科莫德要是在1950年,科莫德的观点一定会被当作奇谈怪论,在1968年时,它仍属前卫的观点,到1975年,在英语国家的历史哲学界,这种观点引起的问题已成了争论的最前沿问题。我将努力说明这种现象是怎样发生的,是在什么制度框架内发生的。直到第二次世界大战结束,相当程度上甚至直到今天,历史哲学几乎在任何地方都是一个学术孤儿。习惯上,它被视为是“柔弱的”,仅仅是一块可要可不要的研究领域。（软绵绵的恰恰是伦理学和美学,但很少有哲学系没有伦理学家和艺术哲学家,相反,确实没有…     

Intercepting Moving Objects During Self-Motion

It is generally assumed that in catching a fly ball, an efficient strategy for dealing with the horizontal component of the ball's trajectory is for the observer to keep the angular position of the ball constant with respect to his head. That strategy is called the constant bearing angle or CBA strategy. Maintenance of angular constancy results in the simultaneous arrival of both observer and ball at the landing spot. The authors analyzed the approach behavior of 26 subjects in a ball-interception task with straight paths for both the subjects and the ball. Subjects moved at a velocity that maintained a close-to-constant horizontal angular position of the ball with respect to the end effector throughout the approach phase rather than a constant bearing angle with respect to their head. Velocity adaptations occurred as a function of the changes in the angular velocity of the ball in such a way that a positive or negative angular velocity was canceled. Thus, an actor following the CBA strategy does not need to know where and when the ball will arrive (i.e., a predictive strategy), because reliance on the CBA strategy ensures that he will make the appropriate adaptations that enable him to arrive at the right place in the right time.     

Influences of age, performance, and item relatedness on verbatim and gist recall of verb-noun pairs

Age differences in adults' memory for performed actions (e.g., wave hand) are sometimes smaller than age differences in memory for nonperformed phrases. In this study, we examined the conditions under which performance reduces age differences in recall. Younger and older adults performed or read verb-noun phrases that were either related (e.g., actions performed in a kitchen) or unrelated. Performance did not reduce age differences in recall of the exact verbs and nouns used to describe an action, but performance did reduce age differences in memory for the gist of related actions. Older adults especially had difficulty recalling the exact verb used to describe the action. These results suggest that older adults may have better memory for actions than is revealed by tests of verbatim recall. They may remember performing the action but not remember the exact words used to describe the action.     

创造性的文化:数学和物理学

本文所说的文化乃是数学和物理学文化,笔者试图借以研讨创造性的诸不同模式。为此,我们将以此类文化的两位典范性科学家———数学家亨利·庞加莱（１８５４—１９１２）和物理学家艾伯特·爱因斯坦（１８７９—１９５５）为例证,进行阐释。但在对他们的美学和直觉概念...