胡塞尔的现象学与科学实在论

胡塞尔对“伽利略科学”的议论(载于其《欧洲科学的危机和先验现象学》一书1970年英文翻译版)常以其幼稚的工具主义态度和对科学抱有的敌意而遭到摈弃。由于他对科学理想化的误解,由于他将生活世界当作一种专用的概念构架,以及由于他否认科学在原则上能够完全描述世界(因为普通的前科学概念是不可替换的),他受到了公开的批评。本文中我要阐明胡塞尔关于实在论的主张,并运用这种主张说明前两种批评是立足于曲解。第三种批评应予采纳,不过,这种批评与胡塞尔的基本主张是一致的,即议论事物的现象是重要的,但是经验科学却难以彻底了解这些现象。     

共产主义实验在苏联

1.斯大林个人扭曲了的共产主义意识形态“斯大林主义”,是苏联官方理论家从不使用的一个术语。而且,它一般也并没有被人们广泛地当作马克思-列宁主义来运用。有时候,斯大林主义被误解为是马列主义的一种扩大或发展。实际上,斯大林主义倒可以看作是从马列主义中派生出来并且背离了马列主义的,它(直到1953年斯大林去世时     

系统剪影:作为哲学的一般系统

我对介绍一般系统论有为难和讨厌之感。显然,在我看来,一般系统论者所关注的中心问题即“系统的本质是什么?”基本上是一个哲学问题。然而,我所接触的一般系统论者不仅没提及哲学,而且似乎把哲学看作废弃的和缺乏时代性的东西(哲学的某些问题很久以前就被逻辑实证主义者取消     

Form and exploration of mechanical stability limits in erect stance

The stability limits of erect stance are described as a geometrical structure in a movement space. Mechanical properties and response latency, a neural property, are determining factors for the stability limits. Standing stability limits of adults and young children are compared, and a simple scheme is suggested by means of which infants can discover the stability limits as they learn to stand. The mechanics of different standing movements are discussed because their spatial temporal properties relate directly to their different stability limits. The combination of the stability limits for different movements gives a total set of stability limits, a different structure for adults than for children.     

Skill, strength, handedness, and fatigue

Thirty male subjects, 20 of whom were self-classified left-handers and 10 right-handers, were tested on a grip-strength task and a handwriting task with each hand, both under normal conditions and in a situation of induced experimental fatigue. On the basis of questionnaire scores, the left-handers were sub-divided into two groups comprising the 10 most left-handed and the 10 least left-handed subjects. The test of grip strength showed a small but significant deterioration in performance of both hands from fatigue. With the handwriting task, a similar significantly adverse effect of fatigue was recorded for all groups as well as a large significant difference in performance between the preferred and nonpreferred hands under normal conditions, which decreased under fatigue. An explanation of these differential effects is discussed in terms of the greater efficiency of the preferred hand in the highly developed skill of handwriting.     

民族心理结构——系统初探

用系统论方法研究民族心理,把民族心理看作一个结构——系统,首先应该搞清楚这个结构——系统是由哪些因素构成的?这些因素是怎样排列的?它们相互关系的性质如何?实际上,这都是有紧密联系的问题     

生态哲学

生态学是一门研究生物体和它们的环境之间的相互关系的科学。它基本上属于生物科学。众所周知,科学哲学是哲学研究项目中最重要的门类之一,例如,我们现在有数学哲学、物理学哲学和其他自然科学的哲学,以及各门社会科学的哲学。有许多根本的问题处于科学和哲学二者的边缘交接点,如时空、能量、物质、生命、心理、演化等等的性质既是科学家考虑的问题又是哲学家考虑的问题。宇宙起源和宇宙论的问题更是科学和哲学的一     

Altering contingencies to facilitate compliance with traffic light systems

The effects of altering light pattern sequences on driver compliance at a busy, urban intersection were explored. The baseline light timing sequences resulted in only 46.8% of drivers stopping at the yellow or red lights. Using an A-B-C design, we altered light pattern sequences that increased the probability of drivers stopping at the signals to 88.8% and 98.8%. These findings indicate that traffic light contingencies have potent effects in influencing driver behaviors at busy intersections. Following completion of the study, the traffic engineer approved the permanence of the light timing pattern that increased traffic rule compliance. Accident data collected before and after the light timing changes indicated a reduction in automobile accidents.     

咖啡因与心理紧张对血压的影响:交叉文化的比较研究

引言饮用含有咖啡因的饮料已遍及全球。大多数西方国家如美、英、法,习惯饮用咖啡;大多数东方国家如中、印、日,习惯用茶。还有一些国家喜欢饮含少量咖啡因的可可,“瓜拉那”等。据估计每年世界咖啡消费量已超过400万吨(Rokeitson,1978)。茶在中国的消费,也从1965年的43000吨,上升至1976年的139000吨(“中国经济年鉴”,1981)。为什么全世界范围内这样普遍地饮用咖啡和茶呢?原因是这些饮料中的咖啡因能提神解劳,提高感觉敏锐度和反应速度,使思路畅通,延长智力劳动的时间。如Nash(1962)的研究表明,咖啡因有助于成对联想学习,听觉材料的及时回忆,以及完成不完整的句子。但是近年来人们发现,咖啡因对人体有有害的作用。摄入咖啡因后,其中的甲基黄嘌呤     

Pursuing and distancing: the construct and its measurement

Although the concept of interpersonal pursuing and distancing has been introduced and used clinically, the lack of a reliable and valid measure has deterred its more formal investigation and relevance to personality theory. The Pursuing-Distancing (P-D) Scale, a 92-item measure of the behavioral expression of these characteristics, was developed. Evidence for internal consistency as well as internal support of construct validity is presented and discussed. An 80-item revised scale is available from the authors and is currently being evaluated in a variety of external validation settings.