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31.
Drug effects on responding maintained by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer contingencies.
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R D Spealman J L Katz J M Witkin 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1978,30(2):187-196
The effects of pentobarbital and d-amphetamine were assessed on key pecking by pigeons under conventional single-key multiple schedules and under two-key multiple schedules in which discriminative stimuli appeared on one key (stimulus key) while pecks on a second key (constant key) produced food. Pecks on the stimulus key had no scheduled consequences. A 60-second variable-interval schedule operated in one component of each multiple schedule: either extinction or a 60-second variable-time schedule operated in the alternate component. When the alternate-component schedule was extinction, a high rate of responding was maintained in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule; responding on both keys was maintained in the variable-interval component of the two-key schedule. Pentobarbital increased responding in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule and increased stimulus-key, but not constant-key responding in that component of the two-key schedule. When the alternate-component schedule was changed to variable time, responding declined in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule; stimulus-key responding was no longer maintained under the two-key schedule. Pentobarbital decreased responding in the variable-interval component of both schedules. With an exception, d-amphetamine only decreased responding in the variable-interval component of the single- and two-key schedules both when the alternate-component schedule was extinction and when it was variable time. The results suggest that the effects of pentobarbital, but not d-amphetamine, depend on the nature of the contingency (stimulus-reinforcer, response-reinforcer) that maintains responding. 相似文献
32.
Albert N. Katz 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1980,32(1):69-84
Earlier studies involving the lateralization of arithmetic abilities have provided evidence for both right and left hemisphere superiorities. It is argued here that part of this inconsistency could be due to the complexity of the arithmetic computations which have been examined. The present studies examined a subprocess shown to be involved in more complex tasks, such as subtraction. The subprocess is the identification of which of two numbers is greater, and was tested by the flashing of a pair of digits to either the left or right visual field. Errors, reaction-times to make a decision, and examination of hand × visual field interactions all indicated that this subprocess is mediated by the right hemisphere. Correlational analysis was used to identify the operations underlying the observed lateralization of this ability. This analysis indicated that an operation indexed by the spatial order in which the digits were presented was effective in the right hemisphere but not the left hemisphere. Speculations on the nature of these operations were presented. 相似文献
33.
Yakov M. Epstein Richard Teitelbaum Robert A. Karlin Sally Katz John R. Aiello 《Journal of applied social psychology》1981,11(3):259-267
Studies of crowding in various settings have shown that individuals are aroused and frequently suffer from ill health. Several studies have shown that it is possible to successfully intervene in residential, shopping, and classroom settings to reduce the negative effects of crowding. The present laboratory experiment assessed the effectiveness of two tactics commonly used by passengers in crowded mass transit settings. Results indicated that the two tactics, reading a newspaper or talking to others, failed to reduce arousal. An explanation for the failure of these tactics is offered. 相似文献
34.
Israel Nachshon 《International journal of psychology》1981,16(1-4):199-211
The assumption that the directions of writing single letters and series of letters in a given language affect the directional preferences for reproducing single and multiple stimuli, respectively, was tested on three groups of subjects with different reading and writing habits; English readers, Hebrew readers, and Arabic readers. The subjects were presented with single stimuli and with series of stimuli for reproduction, and the horizontal directions of their responses were recorded. Confirming the hypothesis, the data pointed to the complexities of the effects of reading and writing habits on directional preferences among readers of different languages. 相似文献
35.
36.
Michael Katz 《Studia Logica》1981,40(3):209-225
The logic of inexactness, presented in this paper, is a version of the Łukasiewicz logic with predicates valued in [0, ∞).
We axiomatize multi-valued models of equality and ordering in this logic guaranteeing their imbeddibility in the real line.
Our axioms of equality and ordering, when interpreted as axioms of proximity and dominance, can be applied to the foundations
of measurement (especially in the social sciences). In two-valued logic they provide theories of ratio scale measurement.
In multivalued logic they enable us to treat formally errors arising in nominal and ordinal measurements. 相似文献
37.
Two rating studies examined several dimensions of metaphorical sentences. A pool of 260 metaphors was constructed, all in the form “(noun phrase) is/are (noun phrase).” In Study 1 all of the items, and in Study 2, 98 of the items were evaluated on ten scales presumed to be important to the comprehension or interpretation of metaphors: semantic relatedness of the subject and predicate, comprehensibility, imageability, imageability of the subject (topic), imageability of the predicate (vehicle), degree of metaphoricity, metaphor goodness, ease of interpretation, number of alternative interpretations, and felt familiarity of the metaphoric ground. Both experiments revealed the rated dimensions to be highly interrelated, but some analyses allowed evaluation of alternative predictions based on current theoretical approaches to metaphor quality and interpretation. The results indicated consistent but mixed support for the general poisitions under consideration as each appeared to have strong and weak areas of applicability. The interrelationships among the scales are discussed, together with implications of the findings for current theories and future metaphor research. 相似文献
38.
Valerie Tate Angel C.S.W. Carole Katz C.S.W. Arlene Litwack M.S. Mary Maffia Ph.D. Robert A. Mednick Ph.D. Richard Mingoia C.S.W. Rene Rocha Ph.D. 《Group》1983,7(3):55-61
This paper reflects the working through of a group's fantasy that the deceased group leader wished the group to continue. As in any defense, the fantasy protected members from the pain of the finality of the leader's death. This article reveals the subjective experience concerning the effect of the leader's death on the group and members' intrapsychic struggle to separate and individuate from the deceased leader, while attending to and striving toward the group's continuation. The group's painful and growing individuation enabled the group to follow its own tasks without the spector of the deceased leader. 相似文献
39.
M D Herman S L Denlinger R Patarca L Katz J A Hobson 《Canadian journal of psychology》1991,45(2):101-114
The evolution of sleep patterns in developing kittens was studied using time-lapse video technology and direct observation. The duration, frequency, and onset of the behavioural states and interactions of the cats were analyzed and then organized into phases that represent major changes in developmental structure during the first 6 weeks of kitten life. We have demonstrated that the kittens began exhibiting adult bi-cyclic sleep patterns on approximately Day 30 of development. During the 10-day period that preceded this consolidation of sleep pattern, REM sleep decreased by half, with a reciprocal increase in NREM sleep. These changes were coincident with an increase in kitten patterned motor behaviour and an increase in stimulation of the kittens by the mother during her bi-cyclic active periods. 相似文献
40.
Janet Katz 《Journal of applied social psychology》1982,12(2):151-168
This study examines the effects of (1) generality equivalence between attitudinal and behavioral entities and (2) the order and proximity of the attitude and behavior questions on the observed relationship between attitudes and behavior. The behaviors examined are sentence recommendations for six hypothetical defendants. The sample is composed of 185 line probation officers from New York State. The variables chosen conform to Martin Fishbein's model of behavioral intentions. As predicted, the observed relationship is affected by both level of specificity and proximity of the questions. Order of the questions has little effect. 相似文献