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691.
Ljubica Damjanovic Alexandre Williot Isabelle Blanchette 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2020,111(2):275-296
Counter-terrorism strategies rely on the assumption that it is possible to increase threat detection by providing explicit verbal instructions to orient people's attention to dangerous objects and hostile behaviours in their environment. Nevertheless, whether verbal cues can be used to enhance threat detection performance under laboratory conditions is currently unclear. In Experiment 1, student participants were required to detect a picture of a dangerous or neutral object embedded within a visual search display on the basis of an emotional strategy ‘is it dangerous?’ or a semantic strategy ‘is it an object?’. The results showed a threat superiority effect that was enhanced by the emotional visual search strategy. In Experiment 2, whilst trainee police officers displayed a greater threat superiority effect than student controls, both groups benefitted from performing the task under the emotional than semantic visual search strategy. Manipulating situational threat levels (high vs. low) in the experimental instructions had no effect on visual search performance. The current findings provide new support for the language-as-context hypothesis. They are also consistent with a dual-processing account of threat detection involving a verbally mediated route in working memory and the deployment of a visual template developed as a function of training. 相似文献
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Kirsten Windfuhr PhD Harriet Bickley BA David While PhD Alyson Williams PhD Isabelle M. Hunt PhD Louis Appleby MD FRCPsych Navneet Kapur MD FRCPsych 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2010,40(2):151-158
Little is known about the numbers and characteristics of people who travel away from home before dying by suicide. Therefore, this studied attempts to identify the sociodemographic characteristics, location, and method of suicide in people who died distant from home, in a national sample. Data were collected on all English suicides and a patient population; nonresident suicides resided in one Health Authority but died in a different one. Twelve percent of suicides were nonresident and features of these included: young age, social adversity, and severe mental illness. In conclusion, both individual‐ and area‐based factors are likely to contribute to suicide away from home. 相似文献
693.
Aurélie Krzeminski Isabelle Milhabet Georges Schadron 《International journal of psychology》2021,56(5):654-668
Several common characteristics are shared by competition and comparative optimism; and comparative optimism has often been observed in competitive environments like entrepreneurial fields or areas that require skills. Competitive context could be an explanatory factor for comparative optimism neglected to date. The aim of this article is to test the links between competition (vs. cooperation) and comparative optimism. In Study 1, participants in different academic majors with a more or less competitive nature (respectively, medical studies and human sciences studies) answered questions about their future and that of others. In Study 2, for the participants in the less competitive course of study (human sciences studies), we presented their studies as being either competitive or cooperative. The impact of this context was tested as a function of the closeness or distance between the participants and the comparison targets. The results of both studies showed that competition increased the expression of comparative optimism. In Study 2, this effect emerged more when the comparison target was distant than when it was close, with proximity hindering the competitive relationship between the self and others. The feeling of competition with others contributed to a better understanding of comparative optimism and initiated new explanations for its emergence. 相似文献
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K Koh D E Meyer 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1991,17(5):811-836
This research investigates how people learn to select particular response magnitudes along one physical dimension (duration) when given stimulus magnitudes from another dimension (spatial extent). Stimuli and correct responses were related by either a power function, a logarithmic function, or a linear function with a positive intercept. The power function was learned quickly and accurately. In contrast, systematic response biases occurred during the early phases of learning the logarithmic and linear functions. As practice progressed, however, the biases gradually disappeared. These results support an adaptive regression model. According to it, people learn functions through a subjective process analogous to statistical regression. There is assumed to be an initial constraint that treats stimulus-response pairs as if a power function characterizes them. 相似文献
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Isabelle Milhabet Laurent Cambon James A. Shepperd 《The Journal of social psychology》2020,160(5):559-575
ABSTRACT Audiences generally view people who display more (versus less) comparative optimism more favorably. We explored whether audiences view a target who displays comparative optimism as more professionally successful, and conversely, whether they view a target who is more professionally successful as more comparatively optimistic. In Study 1, participants estimated the career success of a target that varied in level of comparative optimism. In Study 2, participants estimated the level of comparative optimism of a target that varied in career success. The results revealed that observers rated comparative optimists as likely to have successful careers, and rated people with successful careers as likely to display comparative optimism. Inferences about personal agency account for the bidirectional relationship. 相似文献
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信息权利已经成为当代公民最基本的权利之一,但其实现状况却不尽如人意.究其原因,落后的社会经济文化发展水平,法律与道德体制的滞后与权力至上等传统观念的深入人心,极大地阻碍了公民积极维权的步伐.为此,从伦理层面上,应该通过信息伦理文化观念的建设、加强相关的伦理宣传和教育等措施培养和鼓励公民的信息维权意识,还应不断完善道德赏罚机制,适度引导公民形成积极维权的行为习惯. 相似文献