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121.
Singing is a cultural universal and an important part of modern society, yet many people fail to sing in tune. Many possible causes have been posited to explain poor singing abilities; foremost among these are poor perceptual ability, poor motor control, and sensorimotor mapping errors. To help discriminate between these causes of poor singing, we conducted 5 experiments testing musicians and nonmusicians in pitch matching and judgment tasks. Experiment 1 introduces a new instrument called a slider, on which participants can match pitches without using their voice. Pitch matching on the slider can be directly compared with vocal pitch matching, and results showed that both musicians and nonmusicians were more accurate using the slider than their voices to match target pitches, arguing against a perceptual explanation of singing deficits. Experiment 2 added a self-matching condition and showed that nonmusicians were better at matching their own voice than a synthesized voice timbre, but were still not as accurate as on the slider. This suggests a timbral translation type of mapping error. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that singers do not improve over multiple sung responses, or with the aid of a visual representation of pitch. Experiment 5 showed that listeners were more accurate at perceiving the pitch of the synthesized tones than actual voice tones. The pattern of results across experiments demonstrates multiple possible causes of poor singing, and attributes most of the problem to poor motor control and timbral-translation errors, rather than a purely perceptual deficit, as other studies have suggested. 相似文献
122.
Since the early days of physics, space has called for means to represent, experiment, and reason about it. Apart from physicists, the concept of space has intrigued also philosophers, mathematicians and, more recently, computer scientists. This longstanding interest has left us with a plethora of mathematical tools developed to represent and work with space. Here we take a special look at this evolution by considering the perspective of Logic. From the initial axiomatic efforts of Euclid, we revisit the major milestones in the logical representation of space and investigate current trends. In doing so, we do not only consider classical logic, but we indulge ourselves with modal logics. These present themselves naturally by providing simple axiomatizations of different geometries, topologies, space-time causality, and vector spaces. 相似文献
123.
Aymeric Guillot Cyril Genevois Simon Desliens Sylvie Saieb Isabelle Rogowski 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2012,13(5):533-540
ObjectivesThis study aimed at confirming whether Motor Imagery (MI) enhances tennis serve performance, and determining whether a placebo condition could affect the beneficial effects of MI.DesignThis study used a 3 × 2 factorial design. Three groups of tennis players were compared in service performance outcomes before and after a training session.MethodsTwenty-two tennis players were assigned into three groups: a control (C) and two experimental groups subjected to a similar MI intervention, one group using their regular own racket (MI group) while the other used a placebo racket (P group).ResultsAnalyses of Covariance revealed no significant group difference when comparing serve velocity after training session, but MI training improved serve accuracy and regularity. Combining placebo racket with MI further resulted in greater serve accuracy score as compared to MI alone. Players' perception of their serve quality improved after MI, and this effect was reinforced in the P group.ConclusionThese findings revealed that MI may be useful to achieve peak performance, and that the implement placebo effect might be a factor in sport performance, hence promoting the beneficial effects of alternative methods to improve tennis serve performance. 相似文献
124.
Both family decision making and consumer socialization studies have been focused largely on the influence of parents on children. However, because family communication is not unidirectional, studying teenagers' influence on their parents can provide a fuller understanding of consumers' resocialization processes. This study reports on 26 depth interviews conducted with teenagers and their mothers, designed to investigate how parental styles and frequency of communication between a teenager and parent affect parental ecological resocialization. Parental styles and the frequency of communication both have notable impacts on teenagers' influence on their mothers' pro‐environmental behaviors. Moreover, whereas bilateral strategies (bargaining and reasoning) are the most effective strategies used with warmer mothers, unilateral strategies (persuasion and nagging) are the least effective strategies used with cooler mothers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
125.
126.
Isabelle Wienand 《South African Journal of Philosophy》2014,33(4):395-405
Modern philosophy is characterised by various objections to the Aristotelian conception of happiness as the supreme good of human life. In this paper, I focus on the objections raised by two key thinkers of the modern period, namely Blaise Pascal and Friedrich Nietzsche. Both philosophers formulate important counter- arguments to the teleological claim that happiness is the highest good towards which all human beings naturally direct their efforts. Their target is not any specific definition of happiness as a particular kind of activity, or a particular kind of good. Instead, they express a more fundamental scepticism about the very possibility of happiness being the ultimate end of human life. As I show, Pascal's and Nietzsche's radical point is that, since reason alone can never answer for certain the question of whether or not happiness is the ultimate aim of human existence, philosophy should not concern itself with the question of happiness. The paper has three parts. I first sketch an outline of Pascal's sceptical argument with regard to happiness, and then present his positive definition of happiness, after which I do the same for Nietzsche. The third part is devoted to a critical assessment of their positions in light of an alternative argument developed by John Cottingham. 相似文献
127.
128.
In all colonial pinnipeds studied, mother–young vocal recognition exists and allows rapid and reliable meetings in spite of
the confusing environment of the breeding colony. The efficiency of this recognition process guarantees pup survival, especially
in species where females alternate foraging sea trips and lactation periods on land. The Atlantic Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) is a highly gregarious pinniped with females attending their calves for an extended period of time (2–3 years). Although
we expect mother–calf vocal recognition to occur in this species due to the high density of individuals packed in herds, it
has never been experimentally demonstrated. Here, we assessed the individual stereotypy of both mother and calf barks recorded
in the wild by measuring frequency and temporal acoustic parameters. Both discriminant function and artificial neural network
analyses resulted in high correct classification rates, underlying a well-defined individual stereotypy in parameters related
to frequency modulation and frequency values. Playback experiments showed that mothers were more responsive to the barks of
their own calf than to those of unrelated young. Finally, propagation experiments revealed that barks propagate at greater
distances over water surface than over ice, acoustic features such as frequency modulation and frequency spectrum being highly
resistant to degradation during propagation. Thus, acoustic analysis and propagation experiments suggest that these frequency
parameters might be the key acoustic features involved in the individual identification process. This experimental study clearly
demonstrates that Atlantic walrus has developed a highly reliable mother–calf vocal communication allowing such strong social
bond. 相似文献
129.
The ability to recognize other individuals plays an important role in mediating social interactions. As longitudinal studies
are challenging, there is only limited evidence of long-term memory of individuals and concepts in mammals. We examined the
ability of six wild Australian sea lions to discriminate between the voice of their mother and another adult female, both
while they were dependent on their mother and when they were independent, 2 years after weaning. Here, we show that even after
a long period of independence, juveniles retain the ability to identify their mother’s voice. Both when dependent and independent,
animals showed stronger responses to maternal calls than to the calls of another female. This demonstration of recognition
provides rare evidence of the long-term memory capabilities of wild mammals. 相似文献
130.
Isabelle Tournier Virginie Postal 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(2):195-213
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aging on strategy selection in a paired-associate word task. Twenty-eight younger adults (mean age = 20.68 years) and 28 older adults (mean age = 68.46 years) studied 39 pairs of concrete, middle and abstract words. The concreteness level was manipulated in order to modify the benefit of imagery and sentence strategies in relation to task characteristics. The results showed an age difference in strategy selection in relation to concreteness level. Older adults showed less adaptive strategy selection for the imagery strategy but not for the sentence strategy. Change in strategy selection did not seem to be explained by better efficiency of sentence than imagery, so this study suggests a partial reduction of strategy adaptivity during aging. 相似文献