领导行为:企业并购整合研究的新方向

过去一个世纪以来,国际性兼并、收购和战略联盟急剧增多,然而大部分并购案例均以失败告终,无法达到其原定目标,有的甚至使企业陷入困境.导致并购失败的最主要原因是并购后的整合失败,并非战略与财政不当.领导行为在组织变革和组织再造过程中起着关键性作用,但其在组织并购整合过程中的作用却一直被研究者忽视.全球范围内并购浪潮的持续增长要求领导者迅速提升自身的应对能力,但领导在组织并购整合中的作用机制尚待深入研究.本文介绍了企业并购整合过程中所需的基本领导模式、相关研究的理论基础与方向,以期为提高并购整合活动的领导效力及深入研究提供参考.     

字词视觉空间特征在中文阅读眼动控制中的作用

研究采用4（呈现方式：小－小、小－大、大－小、大－大）×2（文本内容：句子、“※”串）的被试内设计,考察了文本字符呈现大小对读者眼跳选择目标和注视持续时间的影响。结果发现：（1）读者在浏览不同呈现方式的“※”串时的眼动模式基本上与阅读相应呈现方式的句子类似;（2）句子完全是由双字词构成,词内的首字和尾字大小不等（‘小－大”和“大－小”呈现条件）严重影响阅读效率;（3）读者在阅读句子时的注视时间高于浏览“※”串时的注视时间。结果说明,视觉呈现方式和词汇加工均影响读者的眼动模式。     

The impact of supervisory mentoring on personal learning and career outcomes: The dual moderating effect of self-efficacy

Using survey data from 226 employees and their supervisors in four manufacturing companies in China, we found that employee self-efficacy has a dual moderating effect on the impact of supervisory mentoring on subordinate career outcomes. Path analytic tests of mediated moderation suggested that self-efficacy moderates the mediated effects of supervisory mentoring on job performance and career satisfaction through personal learning such that the mediated effect on job performance is stronger when employees have higher self-efficacy, but the mediated effect on career satisfaction is stronger when they have lower self-efficacy.     

Suicidality in Bipolar Disorder: The Role of Emotion‐Triggered Impulsivity

A growing body of research suggests that impulsive responses to emotion more robustly predict suicidality than do other forms of impulsivity. This issue has not yet been examined within bipolar disorder, however. Participants diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (n = 133) and control participants (n = 110) diagnosed with no mood or psychotic disorder completed self‐report measures of emotion‐triggered impulsivity (Negative and Positive Urgency Scales) and interviews concerning lifetime suicidality. Analyses examined the effects of emotion‐triggered impulsivity alone and in combination with gender, age of onset, depression severity, comorbid anxiety, comorbid substance use, and medication. A history of suicide ideation and attempts, as well as self‐harm, were significantly more common in the bipolar disorder group compared with the control group. Impulsive responses to positive emotions related to suicide ideation, attempts, and self‐harm within the bipolar group. Findings extend research on the importance of emotion‐triggered impulsivity to a broad range of key outcomes within bipolar disorder. The discussion focuses on limitations and potential clinical implications.     

Memory skills mediating superior memory in a world-class memorist

Laboratory studies have investigated how individuals with normal memory spans attained digit spans over 80 digits after hundreds of hours of practice. Experimental analyses of their memory skills suggested that their attained memory spans were constrained by the encoding time, for the time needed will increase if the length of digit sequences to be memorised becomes longer. These constraints seemed to be violated by a world-class memorist, Feng Wang (FW), who won the World Memory Championship by recalling 300 digits presented at 1 digit/s. In several studies we examined FW’s memory skills underlying his exceptional performance. First FW reproduced his superior memory span of 200 digits under laboratory condition, and we obtained his retrospective reports describing his encoding/retrieval processes (Experiment 1). Further experiments used self-paced memorisation to identify temporal characteristics of encoding of digits in 4-digit clusters (Experiment 2), and explored memory encoding at presentation speeds much faster than 1 digit/s (Experiment 3). FW’s superiority over previous digit span experts is explained by his acquisition of well-known mnemonic techniques and his training that focused on rapid memorisation. His memory performance supports the feasibility of acquiring memory skills for improved working memory based on storage in long-term memory.     

数列推理项目的难度模型构建

研究基于数列推理项目的认知模型归纳整合和丰富了数列推理项目的刺激特征,基于这些刺激特征生成了92个数列题目,组成四套不同的测验,共给466名学生施测。结果表明:测验的EAP信度为0.87,其中双层运算项目适合高水平能力被试;刺激特征及其交互作用显著影响题目难度;使用LLTM模型构建项目难度模型,该模型可以有效预测项目难度,预测项目难度和实测项目难度的相关为0.85。这说明研究选择和拓展的刺激特征能够显著增加和预测题目的难度。     

速度与调式在诱发情绪反应中的作用:来自中西方传统音乐的证据

以24名本科生为实验对象,采用12段剪辑音乐为材料,使用多导生理记录仪考察其调式和速度在诱发情绪反应中的作用。结果发现:(1)主观情绪自评指标,速度与调式的主效应及交互效应显著,快速、大调音乐的主观自评值显著高于慢速小调音乐;(2)西方传统音乐在心率指标上,速度和调式主效应显著,快速、大调音乐的心率值高于慢速小调音乐;(3)中国传统音乐在心率、皮电指标上,速度、调式主效应显著,快速、大调音乐的心率和皮电值高于慢速小调音乐,皮温指标上,调式主效应显著,大调音乐的皮温值高于小调音乐。这表明不同速度和调式音乐诱发了不同的情绪反应,不同调式中国与西方音乐在诱发情绪反应上存在差异。     

睡眠剥夺影响恐惧情绪加工的认知神经机制

睡眠剥夺与恐惧情绪加工的各个过程息息相关。睡眠剥夺损害了恐惧的习得过程, 而且影响着杏仁核、内侧前额叶的活动及它们之间的功能连接; 睡眠剥夺削弱了恐惧记忆的巩固和再巩固过程, 不仅破坏了恐惧记忆再巩固过程相关蛋白质和酶的合成, 同时也影响着海马、杏仁核、内侧前额叶的活动以及它们之间的功能连接; 睡眠剥夺损害了恐惧的消退, 同时也改变了海马、杏仁核等相关脑区的活动模式。未来的研究应从睡眠剥夺影响恐惧情绪加工的认知神经机制、睡眠剥夺与恐惧情绪相关障碍的关系等角度展开, 力图深入理解睡眠剥夺影响恐惧情绪加工的认知神经机制。     

睡眠剥夺影响风险决策的双系统模型探讨

睡眠剥夺是指由于环境或自身原因无法满足正常睡眠时间的情况。大量实证研究发现, 睡眠剥夺会导致个体在风险决策中更倾向于风险寻求, 同时也有研究表明睡眠剥夺会导致个体风险规避, 而目前尚无统一结论。睡眠剥夺从风险感知、风险容忍、风险决策策略三个方面影响了风险决策, 其心理机制可由认知和情绪双路径模型进行解释, 且脑神经生理学研究也提供了相关证据。未来的研究应该进一步关注：(1)现实工作生活中的睡眠不足对风险决策的影响; (2)睡眠剥夺影响风险决策的理论模型建构。     

Activity experiences shape perceived fitness trajectories: results from a 6-month randomized controlled trial in older women

In this study we addressed the subjective benefits of activity interventions that were designed to improve cognitive fitness in old age. Two hundred and fifty-nine women (aged 70-93 years) were randomized to participate in an exercise or a computer course or a control condition for 6 months. Subjective ratings of the perceived change of cognitive and physical fitness components were captured before, during, after the intervention interval, and at a 10-month follow-up. Positive and negative affect levels and objective cognitive fitness parameters served as possible covariates. Multilevel modeling revealed that the computer group rated memory and concentration as having improved at 4 months and again at 6 months. The exercise group, in contrast, perceived physical capacities as maintained or improved. The characteristics of the activity experience seem to determine the perceived fitness changes. We conclude that actual learning experiences improve one's self-concept of abilities.