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Marilyn?J.?EssexEmail author H.?Hill?Goldsmith Nancy?A.?Smider Isa?Dolski Steven?K.?Sutton Richard?J.?Davidson 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(4):590-598
We investigated the reliability and validity of a video-based method of measuring the magnitude of children’s emotion-modulated
startle response when electromyographic (EMG) measurement is not feasible. Thirty-one children between the ages of 4 and 7
years were videotaped while watching short video clips designed to elicit happiness or fear. Embedded in the audio track of
the video clips were acoustic startle probes. A coding system was developed to quantify from the video record the strength
of the eye-blink startle response to the probes. EMG measurement of the eye blink was obtained simultaneously. Intercoder
reliability for the video coding was high (Cohen’sκ = .90). The average within-subjects probe-by-probe correlation between the EMG- and video-based methods was .84. Group-level
correlations between the methods were also strong, and there was some evidence of emotion modulation of the startle response
with both the EMG- and the video-derived data. Although the video method cannot be used to assess the latency, probability,
or duration of startle blinks, the findings indicate that it can serve as a valid proxy of EMG in the assessment of the magnitude
of emotion-modulated startle in studies of children conducted outside of a laboratory setting, where traditional psychophysiological
methods are not feasible. 相似文献
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Noor Munirah Isa 《Science and engineering ethics》2016,22(5):1319-1332
The discovery and invention of new medical applications may be considered blessings to humankind. However, some applications which might be the only remedy for certain diseases may contain ingredients or involve methods that are not in harmony with certain cultural and religious perspectives. These situations have raised important questions in medical ethics; are these applications completely prohibited according to these perspectives, and is there any room for mitigation? This paper explores the concept of darurah (necessity) and its deliberation in the formulation of fatwas on medicine issued by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia. Darurah has explicitly been taken into consideration in the formulation of 14 out of 45 fatwas on medicine thus far, including one of the latest fatwas regarding uterine donation and transplantation. These fatwas are not only limited to the issues regarding the use of unlawful things as remedies. They include issues pertaining to organ transplantation, management of the corpse and treatment of brain dead patients. While deliberation of darurah in medicine may vary from issue to issue, darurah applies in a dire situation in which there are no lawful means to prevent harm that may be inflicted upon human life. Nevertheless, other aspects must also be taken into the deliberation. For example, consent must be obtained from the donor or his next of kin (after his death) to conduct a cadaveric organ transplantation. 相似文献
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Shaikh Mohd Saifuddeen Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman Noor Munirah Isa Azizan Baharuddin 《Science and engineering ethics》2014,20(2):317-327
With the rapid advancements made in biotechnology, bioethical discourse has become increasingly important. Bioethics is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary field that goes beyond the realm of natural sciences, and has involved fields in the domain of the social sciences. One of the important areas in bioethical discourse is religion. In a country like Malaysia, where Muslims make up the majority of the population, Islam plays a crucial role in providing the essential guidelines on the permissibility and acceptability of biotechnological applications in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and food processing. This article looks at the framework of a complementary model of bioethics derived from the perspective of Islam. The framework is based on ‘maqasid al-shariah’ (purposes or objectives of Islamic law) which aims to protect and preserve mankind’s faith, life, intellect, progeny, and property. It is proposed that ‘maqasid al-shariah’ be used as a pragmatic checklist that can be utilized in tackling bioethical issues and dilemmas. 相似文献
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Noor Munirah Isa Muhammad Fakhruddin Hj Safian Shuri 《Science and engineering ethics》2018,24(1):109-127
Advancements in science and technology have not only brought hope to humankind to produce disease-free offspring, but also offer possibilities to genetically enhance the next generation’s traits and capacities. Human genetic enhancement, however, raises complex ethical questions, such as to what extent should it be allowed? It has been a great challenge for humankind to develop robust ethical guidelines for human genetic enhancement that address both public concerns and needs. We believe that research about public concerns is necessary prior to developing such guidelines, yet the issues have not been thoroughly investigated in many countries, including Malaysia. Since the novel often functions as a medium for the public to express their concerns, this paper explores ethical concerns about human genetic enhancement expressed in four Malay science fiction novels namely Klon, Leksikon Ledang, Transgenesis Bisikan Rimba and Transgenik Sifar. Religion has a strong influence on the worldview of the Malays therefore some concerns such as playing God are obviously religious. Association of the negative image of scientists as well as the private research companies with the research on human genetic enhancement reflects the authors’ concerns about the main motivations for conducting such research and the extent to which such research will benefit society. 相似文献
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