Five minutes after death: A study of beliefs and expectations

This paper examines the beliefs and expectations that a sample of 508 people hold about the first five minutes after death. A substantial minority believed that they will experience the main elements of the neardeath experience (NDE). In general these elements were cited more frequently than were Biblical images. Six percent of the sample said that postmortem survival for them will be a negative and disturbing experience. We discuss these results in terms of their methodological implications for other survey work and their theoretical contribution toward our understanding of negative NDEs.     

The new birth phenomenon during imprisonment: Corrective emotional experience or flight into health?

In prisons the “born-again” experience is frequently encountered in the inmate population. The goal of this article is to examine the social and psychological parameters of this phenomenon, as well as those issues which indicate an enduring or transitory response.     

Effect of threat of shock for being disfluent of fluency of normal speakers.

Each of 20 adult nonstutterers read a 330-word passage six times with a one minute pause between readings. Between the third and fourth reading or the fifth and sixth reading (determined by a table of random numbers) Ss were informed that at the conclusion of the next reading an electric shock would be administered for each instance of disfluency detected by E during that reading. Ss did not become less fluent as a consequence of the experimental condition. Their mean disfluency frequency during the threat-of-shock reading was lower than during the preceding one. Thus, threat of shock for being disfluent may be a condition which differentiates stutterers from nonstutterers since stutterers have been reported to become less fluent under this condition.     

Punitiveness in response to films varying in content: A cross-national field study of aggression

Punitiveness in male movie-goers in London, Philadelphia, Rome and Toronto was measured before or after they attended films varying in content (aggressive, sexual, neutral) and arousal potential (low, high). A second dependent variable, altruism, was also assessed for some Ss. Hypotheses stemming from social learning theory and arousal theory were tested by comparing changes in punitiveness at aggressive, nonaggressive arousing (sexual) and nonaggressive nonarousing (neutral) films. At aggressive films there was an increase in punitiveness whereas a reduction in punitiveness was found at neutral films. Sexual films led to a smaller (nonsignificant) increase in punitiveness than aggressive films. The findings implied that arousal was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for increasing punitiveness. There were no significant cross-national differences in response to the films. Since the results did not generalize to other, nonaggressive responses, the film effects may be aggression-specific. Two additional findings in the U.S. sample were that urban Ss were more punitive than rural Ss and that the length of urban residency correlated negatively with altruism.     

Changes in nonprofessional mental health workers' response preference and attitudes as a function of training and supervised field experience

Nonprofessional mental health workers in a program for early detection and prevention of school maladaptation in children were compared to demographically similar controls on changes in attitudes and clinical response style after 12 didactic training sessions and 3$\text{1}\text{2}$ months of supervised field experience. There were no attitude change differences between aides and controls. Aides, however, came to favor “understanding” responses significantly more, and “rejecting” responses less, than controls. Interpretively, some combination of training, experience, and supervision increased aide knowledgeability without diminishing warmth and spontaneity.     

Discrimination of third-order Markov constraints within visual displays

Discrimination thresholds were measured for third-order Markov constraints within visual displays. The method permits the cancellation of adjacent second-order differences and of first-order differences. Excellent discrimination of third-order constraints is obtained despite the fact that the average conditional repetition probability and the average run length were invariant. The need to distinguish between local short-term and average long-term analyses for the visual system is briefly discussed.     

A programmable relay and amplifier I/O interface for the PDP-8/E computer

Use of the Digital Equipment Corporation DR8 digital input/output buffer for the PDP-8/E computer is common. However, by itself the DR8 has inadequate output-driving capability for even the smallest laboratory device. A flexible low-cost control network designed to enable a DR8 interface to control any of 12 pico-reed relays for output driving or 8 programmable amplifiers for auditory signal presentation is described.