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91.
- Using a sample of 43 7–8‐year olds and their parents, we examined the extent to which children's judgments about food products are influenced by the same factors as their parents'. The factors manipulated were healthiness of product, brand name familiarity, and use of licensed cartoon characters (children) or celebrity endorsers (parents). Brand name familiarity was a more important factor than familiar cartoon characters or celebrity endorsers on food product evaluations. Parents and girls but not boys rated healthy products higher than unhealthy ones (e.g., breakfast cereal vs. pastries). However, parents placed greater weight on healthiness when choosing products for themselves than when choosing for their children. Discussion focuses on the promotion of healthy eating habits in children.
92.
This paper applies concepts and methods developed in management to translate efficacious prevention programs into effective prevention services. The paper describes Quality Function Deployment (QFD) as a method for structured planning and development that connects the needs and wants of the consumer with the design of the product or service. The paper describes basic tools used in quality management, and discusses how they might be applied to prepare a prevention program for implementation by community agencies. Prevention programs are conceptualized as having multiple consumers (i.e., stakeholders), including the participants who receive the service, the service providers, the organizations that deliver the program, and the researchers who evaluate the programs. As an illustration of one step in the application of QFD to translate efficacious prevention programs into effective prevention services, analysis of the needs and preferences of Family Courts for the implementation of an the New Beginnings Program is presented. 相似文献
93.
Lahey BB Van Hulle CA D'Onofrio BM Rodgers JL Waldman ID 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(6):807-823
Recent studies suggest that most of what parents know about their adolescent offspring's whereabouts and companions is the result of youth disclosure, rather than information gained through active parental monitoring. This raises the possibility that parental knowledge is spuriously correlated with youth delinquency solely because the most delinquent youth disclose the least information to parents (because they have the most to hide). We tested this spurious association hypothesis using prospective data on offspring of a nationally representative sample of US women, controlling demographic and contextual covariates. In separate analyses, greater parental knowledge of their offspring's peer associations at both 12-13 years and at 14-15 years was associated with lower odds of being in the top 1 standard deviation of youth-reported delinquency at 16-17 years, controlling for delinquency at the earlier ages. The extent to which parents set limits on activities with peers at 14-15 years did not mediate or moderate the association between parental knowledge and delinquency, but it did independently predict future delinquency among adolescents living in high-risk neighborhoods. This suggests that the association between parental knowledge and future delinquency is not solely spurious; rather parental knowledge and limit setting are both meaningful predictors of future delinquency. 相似文献
94.
John HYMAN 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(3):358-368
This paper argues that we need to distinguish between two different ideas of a reason: first, the idea of a premise or assumption,
from which a person’s action or deliberation can proceed; second, the idea of a fact by which a person can be guided, when
he modifies his thought or behaviour in some way. It argues further that if we have the first idea in mind, one can act for
the reason that p regardless of whether it is the case that p, and regardless of whether one believes that p. But if we have the second idea in mind, one cannot act for the reason that p unless one knows that p. The last part of the paper briefly indicates how the second idea of a reason can contribute to a larger argument, showing
that it is better to conceive of knowledge as a kind of ability than as a kind of belief. 相似文献
95.
Van Hulle CA Rodgers JL D'Onofrio BM Waldman ID Lahey BB 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2007,116(2):236-248
Sex differences in the causes of self-reported adolescent delinquency were examined in full and half siblings born to a nationally representative sample of women in the United States. Qualitative sex differences in the genes that influence delinquency were not detected. Similarly, the proportions of variance in both aggressive and nonaggressive delinquency attributable to genetic and environmental influences did not differ significantly between girls and boys. Nonetheless, total variance in delinquency was greater among boys, and a scalar sex-differences model suggested that genetic and environmental influences on delinquency have less effect on population variation in delinquency among girls. Similarly, a test of the polygenic multiple threshold model suggested that girls require greater causal liability for the expression of delinquency than boys. 相似文献
96.
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98.
Gilliam S Magliano JP Millis KK Levinstein I Boonthum C 《Behavior research methods》2007,39(2):199-204
We are constructing a new computerized test of reading comprehension called the Reading Strategy Assessment Tool (R-SAT).
R-SAT elicits and analyzes verbal protocols that readers generate in response to questions as they read texts. We examined
whether the amount of information available to the reader when reading and answering questions influenced the extent to which
R-SAT accounts for comprehension. We found that R-SAT was most predictive of comprehension when the readers did not have access
to the text as they answered questions. 相似文献
99.
Levinstein IB Boonthum C Pillarisetti SP Bell C McNamara DS 《Behavior research methods》2007,39(2):224-232
iSTART (interactive strategy training for active reading and thinking) is a Web-based reading strategy trainer that develops
students’ ability to self-explain difficult text as a means to improving reading comprehension. Its curriculum consists of
modules presented interactively by pedagogical agents: an introduction to the basics of using reading strategies in the context
of self-explanation, a demonstration of self-explanation, and a practice module in which the trainee generates self-explanations
with feedback on the quality of reading strategies contained in the self-explanations. We discuss the objectives that guided
the development of the second version of iSTART toward the goals of increased efficiency for the experimenters and effectiveness
in the training. The more pedagogically challenging high school audience is accommodated by (1) a new introduction that increases
interactivity, (2) a new demonstration with more and better focused scaffolding, and (3) a new practice module that provides
improved feedback and includes a less intense but more extended regimen. Version 2 also benefits experimenters, who can set
up and evaluate experiments with less time and effort, because pre- and posttesting has been fully computerized and the process
of preparing a text for the practice module has been reduced from more than 1 person-week to about an hour’s time. 相似文献
100.
A previous study of females at an elite liberal arts college found that the degree of positive emotion expressed in persons’ college yearbook photos was correlated with personality, marital, and health outcomes decades later in life. We examine whether the same pattern is observed among respondents in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, using high school yearbook photographs and outcome measures obtained mostly when respondents were in their fifties. Despite some seeming advantages of our design, we were unable, with a few exceptions, to replicate the findings of the previous study. Possible explanations for this divergence in findings are discussed, including differences in measurement, the sample, and the photographic occasion itself. 相似文献