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61.
Michael King Glenn E. Meyer John Tangney Irving Biederman 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1976,19(2):129-136
In attempting to judge whether a briefly presented rotated figure was symmetrical (circle or square) or asymmetrical (ellipse or rectangle), a bias towards perceiving symmetry was evident. This bias appears to be perceptual rather than judgmental in origin in that it was affected neither by variations in the probability of occurrence of symmetrical figures nor by familiarization with the stimuli. A characterization of the stimulus similarity space based on the shape-slant invariance hypothesis is presented, and a model which incorporates both the similarity space and the symmetry bias is proposed. The model can account for our paradoxical finding that the more asymmetrical some projected images, the more likely they will be perceived as symmetrical. This model can also account for Massaro’s (1973, 1975) results on shape constancy. However, Massaro’s theory was not supported in that extension in depth did not account for increased difficulty of shape judgments. 相似文献
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A signal followed by shock was presented at irregular intervals during a free-operant avoidance schedule. The effects of this procedure were studied in terms of the rate of unavoided shock in the presence and absence of the signal and the rate of response before and during the signal. Three shock intensities were employed. Response enhancement as well as response suppression were observed; irrespective of changes in responding, shock rates substantially increased during signalled periods compared to non-signalled periods. Shock rates in non-signalled periods were generally higher than during training. 相似文献
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H. M. B. Hurwitz 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1967,10(6):551-554
Rate of response under a free-operant avoidance procedure decreases as the response-shock interval increases. The present experiment demonstrated an inverse relation between rate of response and lever-holding time. An invariance was found in the total time per session that a subject was in contact with the lever. It is suggested that lever-holding behavior may be as sensitive as response rate to changes in the response-shock interval. 相似文献
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Irving B. Weiner 《Psychometrika》1959,24(4):371-372
Mood's likelihood ratio test is generally considered an unreliablex
2 approximation in 2 × 2 contingency tables containing expected cell frequencies less than five. Probability values were computed for 60 such tables as part of an item analysis for two 30-item alternate forms of a measure. The rank orders of the items, from best to worst differentiators, as determined separately by Mood's test and by Fisher's exact test correlated .97 for one form and .96 for the other. 相似文献