Understanding the flexibility of action–perception coupling

The idea that observing an action triggers an automatic and obligatory activation of an imitative action in the motor system of the observer has recently been questioned by studies examining complementary actions. Instead of a tendency for imitation, cooperative settings may facilitate the execution of dissimilar actions, resulting in a relative disadvantage for imitative actions. The present study aimed at clarifying the contribution of associative learning and interference of task representations to the reversal of congruency effects. To distinguish between the two, an experiment was designed, in which we increased the effects of associative learning and minimized the effects of task interference. Participants completed a series of imitation and complementary action runs, in which they continuously imitated or complemented the actions of a virtual co-actor. Each run was alternated with a test run showing the same actions but including color-cues, and the participants were instructed to respond to color instead of the actor’s posture. Reaction times to test runs showed no reversal of facilitation effects between the imitation and complementary action conditions. This result strongly argues that associative learning cannot adequately account for reversed facilitation effects. Our study provides additional support for action–perception models that allow flexible selection of action–perception coupling and challenges the existing models purely based on stimulus–response associations.

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Gender Differences in Parental Images and Intimate Relationships: A Northern Finland Sample

One of the most important components of the developmental environment is the emotional atmosphere. Childhood experiences and perceptions of parental roles and behavior result in memory models and images, which may affect the children’s relationships in adulthood. In the present study, the cross-sectional associations between childhood parental images and the quality of current intimate adult relationships were studied in a sub-study of a mother–child follow-up in northern Finland. The data were collected with a questionnaire mailed to 28–29-year-old adults, with a total of 337 replies. The present study included those respondents (N = 253) who were married or cohabiting (153 women, 100 men). Since offspring can be affected by gender-specific parenting patterns, the analyses were made separately for both genders. In women, supportiveness in both maternal and paternal images was associated with a balanced intimate relationship, the latter also being associated with a loving relationship and providing protection against quarrelsome and repressive–submissive aspects of the relationship. In men, maternal supportiveness was linked with a balanced and loving intimate relationship and protected against a quarrelsome relationship. Paternal domination was associated with repressive–submissive relationships regardless of gender. In conclusion, the qualities of recalled childhood parenting are important to adult well-being in intimate relationships in a gender-specific manner. The specific importance of the father to the children’s later life was also observed. This would indicate that supporting the relationship of the child with both parents is equally important for professionals working with children and families.     

Improving Parental Competencies: Subjectively Perceived Usefulness of a Parent Training Matters

As parental competencies are of importance for the development of children, these competencies are often fostered in parent training programs. Research suggests that a lack of fit between training contents and parental perceptions and expectations might result in a lower effectiveness of a parent training. Consequently, parents’ subjective perceptions of trainings should be in the focus of research on the effects of parent trainings. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a parent training (MonteBaRo-Training) and analyzed pre-post-test changes. Parents who participated in the program (N = 117) and a waiting list control group (N = 88) were surveyed about children’s behavior problems, parenting sense of competence and dysfunctional parenting at two measurement occasions. Results indicated that the training was effective in improving parenting sense of competence, the perceptions of child problem behavior and dysfunctional parenting. Subjectively perceived usefulness of the training was associated with a change in children’s behavior problems and the parenting sense of competence after the completion of the course.     

Profiles of Contextual Risk at Birth and Adolescent Substance Use

This study examined whether there are subgroups of families with distinct profiles of prenatal/birth contextual risk, and whether subgroup membership was differentially related to adolescent substance use. Data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 were used. A five-class model provided the most meaningful solution. Large Family Size (7.72%) and Low Risk (69.69%) groups had the lowest levels of alcohol, cigarette, and illegal drug use. Similar high levels for each of the three substance-related outcomes were found for Parent Substance Misuse (11.20%), Maternal School Dropout (4.66%), and Socioeconomic Disadvantage (6.72%) groups. Maternal smoking and drinking while pregnant and paternal heavy alcohol use were found to be key prenatal risk factors that tended to cluster together and co-occur with other prenatal risk factors differently for different subgroups of youth.     

Application of a worry reduction intervention in a medically unexplained symptoms-analogue student-sample

Objective: Worry is an important perpetuating factor of Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS). Former research has shown that a worry postponement instruction is effective in reducing Subjective Health Complaints (SHC) in non-clinical samples. This study aimed to (1) replicate these findings in a MUS-analogue student-sample and (2) assess alexithymia as a moderator.

Design: The current study had an experimental design with two waves of data collection: pre- and post-intervention.

Main outcome measures: A MUS-analogue student-sample consisting of 114 undergraduate students with high self-reported health worry and a minimum of two doctor visits in the previous year with no current diagnosis for a (chronic or acute) disease were instructed to register their worry frequency and duration eight times per day via an experience sampling-application on their smartphones. The intervention group additionally postponed their worries to a 30-minute period in the evening. SHC were assessed pre- and post-intervention.

Results: The intervention did not have an effect on worry or SHC. Alexithymia did not moderate this effect (p’s > .05).

Conclusion: Our study did not find evidence for the effectiveness of the worry reduction intervention on SHC in a MUS-analogue student-sample. This finding contributes to several previous studies that have found mixed evidence for the effectiveness of the worry reduction intervention on SHC and suggests that the worry intervention may not be effective in all cases.     

Community Interventions in Puerto Rico: The Impact of Social-Community Psychology

La psychologie des Social-Communauté est un nouveau et dynamique champ dont le but explicite concerne le changement social. Cet article présente le contexte socio-politique portoricain où cette discipline a été développée, ainsi que ses principaux concepts théoriques. Il fournit quatre exemples d'interventions conduites par des psychologues des sociales-communautés, l'une avec des groupes d'aide à la santé mentale, la seconde avec un groupe de femmes ouvrières dans l'industrie, la troisième dans une église protestante et la dernière dans une communauté du plus bas des niveaux économiques. Le rôle, l'impact et le développement futur de cette discipline sont passés en revue et critiqués.
Social-community psychology is a new and dynamic field with its explicit goal being social change. This paper presents the Puerto Rican sociopolitical context in which this discipline has developed and its main theoretical concepts. It provides four examples of interventions carried out by community social psychologists: one with support groups for the mentally ill; one with a group of women industrial workers; one within a Protestant Church; and the last in a lower socio-economic community. The discipline's role, impact and future development are critically assessed.