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461.
The literature is ambiguous with respect to whether attention is drawn spontaneously to expected or unexpected items in mixed arrays. Several studies from our own laboratory indicate that even though expected words are more localizable than unexpected words in unmixed four-word arrays, showing a baseline advantage for expected words, unexpected words are sometimes more localizable than their expected companions in mixed arrays, suggesting that unexpected words attract attention (see, e.g., Johnston & Schwarting, 1996). By contrast, Dark, Vochatzer, and VanVoorhis (1996) observed that expected words were more reportable than their unexpected companions in mixed, two-word arrays. However, because the Dark et al. research did not include arrays in which both words were expected, it is not clear whether their findings reflect an attentional effect over and above a baseline advantage of expected words. The present study added some additional controls in order to assess this possibility. The superior reportability of expected words was even greater in mixed arrays than in unmixed arrays, suggesting that expected words in mixed arrays attract attention. Following Johnston and Hawley (1994), the conflicting effects of expectancy on spontaneous attention are taken as further evidence that the mind/brain system is biased simultaneously toward both what it most expects and what it least expects to perceive. 相似文献
462.
Audrey J. Murrell Irene Hanson Frieze Josephine E. Olson 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1996,49(3):324-335
This research examines the impact of work- and non-work-related mobility on salary, promotions, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among 671 male and female managers over a 7-year period. Results indicated that those with frequent lateral moves had significant gain in salary increases compared to those who did not move. In addition, frequent lateral moves had a negative impact on work-related attitudes, specifically overall job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Implications of these findings for career strategies and future research are discussed. 相似文献
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465.
Causal attributions of a person actually experiencing a success or failure (the actor) and someone who read about the situation (the observer) were compared. Results supported Jones and Nisbett (1971). Actors were relatively more likely to perceive their outcomes as caused by external factors (task difficulty), while observers attributed these outcomes more to internal factors (effort). Attributions for both actors and observers were also strongly affected by whether the outcome was a success or failure. Hypotheses concerning sex differences in attributions were not supported. 相似文献
466.
Gertrude Frcka Johanna Beyts A. B. Levey Irene Martin 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1983,18(2):69-76
The cognitive view of human classical conditioning is that Ss are active in thinking about the pattern of stimulus events which occurs, the demands of the situation, and the kind of responses which they give. A question crucially central to conditioning theory is whether these thoughts and expectations determine conditional responding. This paper reports on two conditioning and personality experiments, employing the standard procedure of a single cue CS-UCS schedule and masking task, which assess awareness of stimulus contingencies and demand characteristics by means of a postexperimental questionnaire. Results were quite clear in showing no significant relationship between measures of awareness and eyelid conditioning. 相似文献
467.
Fourth through twelfth graders of both sexes were tested for developmental trends in making causal attributions for success and failure and in using past history, social comparison, and importance information in making their attributional judgements. Results suggested that basic information processing rules had already developed by the fourth grade but that children continue to develop and become more consistent in applying these rules. Sex differences indicated that girls were more defensive generally in not taking responsibility for their outcomes by attributing them externally. 相似文献
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469.
Frank W Wicker Irene M Thorelli William L Barron Marguerite R Ponder 《Journal of research in personality》1981,15(3):359-370
One hundred and twenty-five college students rated a total of 74 jokes, chosen by stratified sampling, on funniness and on 13 other scales suggested by humor theories. Highly similar factor structures were found with two sets of jokes. Ratings of surprise, resolution, and originality correlated strongly with funniness and helped define a factor on which funniness ratings loaded. Scales pertaining to painfulness, anxiety, or importance of joke topic were positively correlated with funniness but defined a factor essentially independent of it. Partial correlations suggested that these scales were related to funniness through their common relationship with incongruity and resolution scales. Ratings of how much a joke made subjects “feel free” correlated much more highly with ratings of incongruity and resolution than with ratings of painfulness, anxiety, or importance of joke topic. Results were interpreted as providing support for an incongruity-resolution theory of humor, and for the interdependency of affective factors with incongruity-resolution mechanisms. 相似文献
470.