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211.
212.
Demographic factors,childhood maltreatment and psychological functioning among university students' in Ghana: A retrospective study 下载免费PDF全文
Samuel Adjorlolo Sarah Adu‐Poku Johnny Andoh‐Arthur Irene Botchway Budeba Petro Mlyakado 《International journal of psychology》2017,52(Z1):9-17
This study retrospectively investigates the influence of child (i.e., gender), care‐giver (e.g., who grew up with), household size (i.e., number of siblings grew up with) and community (i.e., rural versus urban) factors on childhood maltreatment, as well as the impacts of maltreatment on psychological functioning. A cross‐sectional survey and self‐report methodology is used to gather data from 300 students of the University of Ghana. The results show that being a male, growing up in rural areas, living with more than 3 siblings in the same household and being raised by both biological parents have significant main effects on childhood maltreatment. Analyses of the interaction effects show that living with more than 5 siblings in a rural household with “other” parents (i.e., non‐biological parents) has a significant effect on physical abuse. Furthermore, males from rural households consisting of more than 3 siblings and who did not grow up with both biological parents endorsed significantly more physical abuse and physical neglect, compared with the females. With respect to the psychological outcome, childhood maltreatment significantly predicts and account for significant variance in depression (34%), self‐efficacy (18%) and life satisfaction (22%). The findings and the implications of the study are briefly discussed. 相似文献
213.
Manuel Carreiras Jon Andoni Duñabeitia Marta Vergara Irene de la Cruz-Pavía Itziar Laka 《Cognition》2010,115(1):79-92
Studies from many languages consistently report that subject relative clauses (SR) are easier to process than object relatives (OR). However, Hsiao and Gibson (2003) report an OR preference for Chinese, a finding that has been contested. Here we report faster OR versus SR processing in Basque, an ergative, head-final language with pre-nominal relative clauses. A self-paced reading task was used in Experiments 1 and 2, while ERPs were recorded in Experiment 3. We used relative clauses that were ambiguous between an object or subject-gap interpretation and disambiguated later in the sentence. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that SR took longer to read than OR in the critical disambiguating region. In addition, Experiment 3 showed that SR produced larger amplitudes than OR in the P600 window immediately after reading the critical disambiguating word. Our results suggest that SR are not universally easier to process. They cast doubts on universal hypotheses and suggest that processing complexity may depend on language-specific aspects of grammar. 相似文献
214.
Memory span and general intelligence: A latent-variable approach 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
There are several studies showing that working memory and intelligence are strongly related. However, working memory tasks require simultaneous processing and storage, so the causes of their relationship with intelligence are currently a matter of discussion. The present study examined the simultaneous relationships among short-term memory (STM), working memory (WM), and general intelligence (g). Two hundred and eight participants performed six verbal, quantitative, and spatial STM tasks, six verbal, quantitative, and spatial WM tasks, and eight tests measuring fluid, crystallized, spatial, and quantitative intelligence. Especial care is taken to avoid misrepresenting the relations among the constructs being studied because of specific task variance. Structural equation modelling (SEM) results revealed that (a) WM and g are (almost) isomorphic constructs, (b) the isomorphism vanishes when the storage component of WM is partialed out, and (c) STM and WM (with its storage component partialed out) predict g. 相似文献
215.
Irene V. Blair Kristine M. Chapleau Charles M. Judd 《European journal of social psychology》2005,35(1):59-68
Prior research has shown that within racial category, group members with more Afrocentric facial features are presumed to have more stereotypic traits than those with less Afrocentric features. The present experiment investigated whether this form of feature‐based stereotyping occurs when more diagnostic information is available. The participants were provided with photographs and information about the aggressive (or non‐aggressive) behaviour of 64 African Americans in four different situations, and asked to predict the likelihood of aggression in a fifth situation. As expected, each instance of aggression increased estimates that a target would behave aggressively in the unknown situation. With degree of displayed aggression controlled, however, targets with more Afrocentric features were judged as significantly more likely to behave aggressively than targets with less Afrocentric features. Thus, stereotyping based on Afrocentric features occurs even when other obviously‐relevant information is available. This suggests that it may be difficult to detect and avoid. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
216.
Martin J. Doherty 《Infant and child development》2006,15(2):179-186
Very young infants are sensitive to and follow other people's gaze. By 18 months children, like chimpanzees, apparently represent the spatial relationship between viewer and object viewed: they can follow eye‐direction alone, and react appropriately if the other's gaze is blocked by occluding barriers. This paper assesses when children represent this relationship as psychological in nature. Studies examining sensitivity to gaze, gaze following, and explicit judgement of gaze direction are reviewed. The evidence suggests that neither infants nor chimpanzees represent gaze as psychological. It is concluded that mentalistic gaze understanding develops from the age of 3 years. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
217.
Irene Hanson Frieze Josephine E. Olson Audrey J. Murrell Mano S. Selvan 《Sex roles》2006,54(1-2):83-93
A longitudinal sample of over 800 MBA graduates surveyed across a 16-year period was recruited to investigate the relationship
of work values to work effort, salary levels, and other work outcomes. As predicted, certain work values were related to higher
salary levels and to the number of hours worked. Changing companies more often and receiving more promotions were also significantly
related to work values. Work values did not differ for women and men in the sample, except that women were higher in the value
of wanting to do an excellent job. Controlling for work values did not explain significantly higher salaries for men as compared
to women. Implications of these data are discussed. 相似文献
218.
Bernberg E Andersson IJ Gan LM Naylor AS Johansson ME Bergström G 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2008,11(5):381-389
Social support and a stimulating environment have been suggested to reduce stress reactions and cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to assess the role of environmental enrichment and social interaction for development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerosis prone mice. Male ApoE-/- mice were divided into four groups and followed during 20 weeks: (i) enriched environment (E, n=12), (ii) deprived environment (ED, n=12), (iii) enriched environment with exercise (E-Ex, n=12) and (iv) socially deprived by individual housing (SD, n=10). Plasma lipid and cytokine concentrations were measured. Atherosclerosis was quantified in cross-sections of innominate artery and en face in thoracic aorta. Plaque area was significantly increased in SD mice in the innominate artery (P<0.05 vs. all other groups), but not in the thoracic aorta. Plasma lipids were increased in SD mice (P<0.001 vs. all for total cholesterol, P<0.05 vs. E and P<0.01 vs. ED for triglycerides). Plasma concentration of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was decreased in SD mice compared to E mice (P<0.05). Thus, social isolation increased atherosclerosis and plasma lipids in ApoE-/- mice. Reduction in plasma G-CSF levels may hamper endothelial regeneration in the atherosclerotic process. While environmental enrichment did not affect atherosclerosis, social isolation accelerated atherosclerosis. 相似文献
219.
Abraham L Halpern John H Halpern Sean B Doherty 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2008,3(1):21
After revelations of participation by psychiatrists and psychologists in interrogation of prisoners at Guantánamo Bay and
Central Intelligence Agency secret detention centers, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological
Association adopted Position Statements absolutely prohibiting their members from participating in torture under any and all
circumstances, and, to a limited degree, forbidding involvement in interrogations. Some interrogations utilize very aggressive
techniques determined to be torture by many nations and organizations throughout the world. This paper explains why psychiatrists
and psychologists involved in coercive interrogations violate the Geneva Conventions and the laws of the United States. Whether
done with ignorance of professional ethical obligations or not, these psychiatrists and psychologists have crossed an ethical
barrier that may best be averted from re-occurring by teaching medical students and residents in all medical specialties about
the ethics principles stemming from the 1946–1947 Nuremberg trials and the Geneva Conventions, together with the Ethics Codes
of the World Medical Association and the American Medical Association; and, with regard to psychiatric residents and psychological
trainees, by the teaching about The Principles of Medical Ethics With Annotations Especially Applicable to Psychiatry and the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, respectively. In this way, all physicians and psychologists will clearly understand that they have an absolute moral obligation
to "First, do no harm" to the human beings they professionally encounter. 相似文献
220.
Neurocognitive aspects of pain perception 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The perception of pain is sensitive to various mental processes such as the feelings and beliefs that someone has about pain. It is therefore not exclusively driven by the noxious input. Attentional modulation involving the descending pain modulatory system has been examined extensively in neuroimaging studies. However, the investigation of neural mechanisms underlying more complex cognitive modulation is an emerging field in pain research. Recent findings indicate an engagement of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during more complex modulation, leading to a change or reappraisal of the emotional significance of pain. Taking placebo-induced analgesia as an example, we discuss the contribution of attention, expectation and reappraisal as three basic mechanisms that are important for the cognitive modulation of pain. 相似文献