State vs trait anxiety: A case study in confirmatory factor analysis

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger et al., 1970) originally divided anxiety into two factors: state anxiety, reflecting how an individual currently feels, and trait anxiety, reflecting how an individual generally feels. Recently, however, Spielberger revised his position to separate the presence and absence of anxiety symptoms within state and trait factors, yielding a hypothetical correlated 4-factor structure (Spielberger et al., 1980). Endler and Magnusson (1965) and Endler et al. (1976) have challenged the state vs trait distinction based upon their own factor analytical results. Since both sets of investigations used exploratory approaches, which do not postulate a particular factor structure, these studies do not provide an explicit test of the state vs trait distinction. A confirmatory factor analytic approach was used in the present study to evaluate Spielberger's 4-factor hypothesis. The subjects were large samples of male air force trainees and high school students for whom STAI data were available. The results of these confirmatory analyses indicated that the factors identified in exploratory analysis by Spielberger and his colleagues accounted for the data quite well.     

Temporal ordering deficits following anterior temporal lobectomy

Subjects were required to report the pitch sequence of two 10-msec tones of different frequency presented monaurally while the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the two tones was varied. The value of the SOA at which the subjects achieved an 80% correct sequence report was determined by an adaptive procedure without feedback. This measure was compared in the right and left ears, on subjects with a right or left anterior temporal lobectomy and on a normal control group. The results reveal an elevated threshold for performing temporal order judgments in the ear contralateral to the surgical lesion.     

An on-line laboratory in cognition and perception

The design of a computer-based laboratory system requires the coordination of pedagogical and technical goals. The development of our on-line laboratory in cognition and perception is described. The laboratory consists of 11 on-line experiments in which the student participates as both experimenter and subject. The software was designed for maximum transportability: Programs were written in a low-level BASIC, with thorough documentation; flexibility is provided both within and across experiments to suit local constraints; and the experiments are supported by a student manual, instructor’s manual, and implementation notes. Criteria for selecting experiments, implementation of the experiments, and preliminary evaluation of the laboratory are discussed.     

Counselors Under Fire: Youth Opportunity Centers

Intensive interviewing of counselors, supervisors, clients, and community workers associated with a sample of Youth Opportunity Centers led to the conclusion that assumptions of client-centered therapy are untenable in such settings. The assumptions not found tenable are: (a) client comes voluntarily; (b) client wants help; (c) client accepts counselor's authority; (d) client comes as individual; (e) counselor accepts client. Because of bureaucratic conditions of government programs, because of poverty and demoralization of clients, and because of race and other differences, counseling (except of a highly directive sort) is not possible. A group approach which takes into account the organized nature of the client population is personally recommended and described.     

The effect of two “tranquillizers” on auditory discrimination and delayed response performance of monkeys

Five rhesus monkeys were tested on performance of an auditory discrimination and a delayed response test with a sliding scale of increasing difficulty after treatment with (a) 0·2 to 0·5 mgm./kgm. reserpine, (b) 150 mgm./kgm. meprobamate, (c) an equivalent saline injection, and (d) no treatment. Both drug treatments resulted in a severe deficit on the auditory discrimination and no change or improvement in delayed response performance. The auditory deficit was not due simply to an increased latency of response.

It is suggested that these results support the hypothesis that reserpine and meprobamate reduce the utilization of sensory information.