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41.
Dennis W. Engels Carole W. Minor James P. Sampson Howard H. Splete 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1995,74(2):134-138
This article contains an overview of the historical development of the specialized practice, preparation standards, and credentialing of career counseling. Discussion also focuses on commonalities of career counseling, general counseling, and other specialized forms of counseling, with attention to questions and implications for the future of career counseling practice and standards. 相似文献
42.
Recent work in the learned helplessness paradigm suggests that neuronal sensitization and fatigue processes are critical to
producing the behavioral impairment that follows prolonged exposure to an unsignaled inescapable stressor such as a series
of electric tail shocks. Here we discuss how an interaction between serotonin (5-HT) and corticosterone (CORT) sensitizes
GABA neurons early in the pretreatment session with inescapable shock. We propose that this process eventually depletes GABA,
thus removing an important form of inhibition on excitatory glutamate transmission in the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal
cortex. When rats are re-exposed to shock during shuttle-escape testing 24 hrs later, the loss of inhibition (as well as other
excitatory effects) results in unregulated excitation of glutamate neurons. This state of neuronal over-excitation rapidly
compromises metabolic homeostasis. Metabolic fatigue results in compensatory inhibition by the nucleoside adenosine, which
regulates neuronal excitation with respect to energy availability. The exceptionally potent form of inhibition associated
with adenosine receptor activation yields important neuroprotective benefits under conditions of metabolic failure, but also
precludes the processing of information in fatigued neurons. The substrates of adaptive behavior are removed; performance
deficits ensue. 相似文献
43.
Geoffrey Hall Hugh Minor 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1984,36(2):145-169
Six experiments investigated the effects of pre-exposure to a tone on the subsequent acquisition of conditioned suppression by rats. In Experiments 1-3 the response suppressed was drinking; in Experiments 4-6 it was food-rewarded lever pressing. Repeated exposure to the tone resulted in latent inhibition, i.e., a retardation in the acquisition of suppression. The size of the latent inhibition effect was reduced when a different context was used for conditioning from that used for pre-exposure (Experiment 2). When the context remained the same throughout, a phase of exposure to the context alone, interposed between pre-exposure and conditioning, had no influence on the size of the latent inhibition effect ultimately observed. This last result casts doubt upon Wagner's (1976, 1979) theory of the role of contextual factors in latent inhibition, and alternative accounts are considered. 相似文献
44.
This study examined the relationship between interrole conflict, coping strategies, satisfaction, and marital status among a select sample of employed black mothers. Single and married black mothers were compared on type of coping strategy used to handle mother and worker role conflicts, and level of satisfaction with mother and worker roles. There was a significant interaction between marital status and coping strategy in their effect on satisfaction with the mother role. Finally, single mothers were significantly more satisfied with their worker roles than married mothers. 相似文献