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31.
In psychophysical studies of the relation between perceived magnitude and physical stimulus, interest has focused on the preciseness of growth functions. Very little interest has been devoted to natural levels of an "absolute" character and to the validity of direct measurements. In this article, the Category (C)-Ratio (R) (CR) scaling methodology, developed by Borg (1973, 1977, 1982) is presented together with a new CR scale: the CR100 scale. In an experiment on perceived exertion, CR100 was compared with Absolute Magnitude Estimation (AME). Perceived exertion has the advantage of having easily measured physiological variables that can function as validity criteria. 32 persons (16 men and 16 women) participated as subjects on two different occasions, and the presentation order was counterbalanced. Results from CR100 and AME could be described equally well with psychophysical functions. The exponents obtained with CR100 were n = 1.60 for women and n = 1.69 for men, and the corresponding exponents for AME were n = 1.60 for women and n = 1.46 for men (with a "noise" constant included in the function). ANOVA showed that CR100 could make the predicted differentiation between sexes, whereas AME could not. This drawback with AME was also found when using the methods to predict working capacity. 相似文献
32.
Studia Logica - In this paper we introduce hypersequent-based frameworks for the modelling of defeasible reasoning by means of logic-based argumentation and the induced entailment relations. These... 相似文献
33.
Charmaine Borg Renske C. Bosman Iris Engelhard Bunmi O. Olatunji Peter J. de Jong 《Cognition & emotion》2016,30(4):669-686
Earlier studies provided preliminary support for the role of classical conditioning as a pathway of disgust learning, yet this evidence has been limited to self-report. This study included facial electromyographical (EMG) measurements (corrugator and levator muscles) and a behavioural approach task to assess participants’ motivation-to-eat the actual food items (conditioned stimuli, CS). Food items served as CS and film excerpts of a woman vomiting served as unconditioned stimuli (US). Following acquisition the CS+ (neutral CS paired with US disgust) was rated as more disgusting and less positive. Notably, the conditioned response was transferred to the actual food items as evidenced by participants’ reported lowered willingness-to-eat. Participants also showed heightened EMG activity in response to the CS+ which seemed driven by the corrugator indexing a global negative affect. These findings suggest that classical conditioning as a pathway of disgust learning can be reliably observed in subjective but not in disgust-specific physiological responding. 相似文献
34.
Samantha J. Fede Jana Schaich Borg Prashanth K. Nyalakanti Carla L. Harenski Lora M. Cope Walter Sinnott-Armstrong Mike Koenigs Vince D. Calhoun Kent A. Kiehl 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2016,16(6):1074-1085
Psychopathy is a disorder characterized by severe and frequent moral violations in multiple domains of life. Numerous studies have shown psychopathy-related limbic brain abnormalities during moral processing; however, these studies only examined negatively valenced moral stimuli. Here, we aimed to replicate prior psychopathy research on negative moral judgments and to extend this work by examining psychopathy-related abnormalities in the processing of controversial moral stimuli and positive moral processing. Incarcerated adult males (N = 245) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol on a mobile imaging system stationed at the prison. Psychopathy was assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R). Participants were then shown words describing three types of moral stimuli: wrong (e.g., stealing), not wrong (e.g., charity), and controversial (e.g., euthanasia). Participants rated each stimulus as either wrong or not wrong. PCL-R total scores were correlated with not wrong behavioral responses to wrong moral stimuli, and were inversely related to hemodynamic activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in the contrast of wrong > not wrong. In the controversial > noncontroversial comparison, psychopathy was inversely associated with activity in the temporal parietal junction and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that psychopathy-related abnormalities are observed during the processing of complex, negative, and positive moral stimuli. 相似文献
35.
Mark Shevlin Pietro G. Coen Jennie Borg Robert Booy Russell M. Viner Deborah Christie 《Applied research in quality of life》2016,11(3):971-982
This study describes the key areas that matter to adolescent survivors of Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD). Satisfaction with Life After Meningitis is a brief multidimensional measure of health related quality of life that is reliable and correlates with criterion variables in a theoretically meaningful way. To develop a Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) measure for adolescent and young adult survivors of (IMD) we used a cross-sectional study and focus groups. The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1 a pool of potential items were generated based on the following: a review of existing measures, focus groups with IMD survivors, and an expert group consultation. Phase 2 involved administration of the questionnaire to a sample of adolescent and young adult IMD survivors. Factor analysis suggested a correlated four factor solution: Wellbeing, Positive about Future, Social Support, and Confidence. These factors were significantly correlated in a theoretically predictable way with scores from the Beck Depression Inventory (correlations ranged from ?0.77 to ?0.81) and the eight domains of the SF-36 Health Survey (correlations ranged from 0.32 to 0.79). The reliability of all subscales was high ranging from 0.85 to 0.92. The Satisfaction with Life After Meningitis (SLAM) questionnaire is a HRQoL self-report measure that produces reliable scores and is appropriate for use with young survivors of IMD. There is also evidence of concurrent validity with existing measures of physical and psychological well-being. 相似文献
36.
Cecilia Fagerström Christel Borg Cristian Balducci Vanessa Burholt Clare G. Wenger Dieter Ferring Germain Weber Göran Holst Ingalill R. Hallberg 《Applied research in quality of life》2007,2(1):33-50
Life satisfaction is a concept frequently used to measure wellbeing of older people. However, there is still a lack of cross-national
comparative research investigating factors associated with life satisfaction. There may be unique and common factors associated
with life satisfaction across European countries. This study aimed to investigate life satisfaction among people aged 60–89 years
in six European countries in relation to health problems, ADL capacity, self-esteem, social and financial resources. A cross-sectional
study was performed, including 7,699 people aged 60–89 years, in Sweden, the UK, The Netherlands, Luxemburg, Austria and Italy,
participating in the European Study of Adult Wellbeing, using questions from the Older Americans Resources and Services schedule,
Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire, Life Satisfaction Index Z and Rosenberg’s Self-esteem scale. Logistic
regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with life satisfaction in the six national samples. In cases
where people were less satisfied with their life it was fairly satisfactory and unsatisfactory social contacts (Odds Ratio
(OR) 1.5–13.8), poor financial resources (OR 1.7–15.1), feeling greatly hindered by health problems (OR 2.2–5.4) and self-esteem
(OR 2.1–5.1) rather than the ability to perform activities of daily living and the extent of social contacts that gave the
greatest risk of low life satisfaction in all the six European countries. There were both common and country-specific factors
important for life satisfaction in the six European countries. However, the importance of satisfactory social contacts, financial
resources, self-esteem and feeling hindered by health problems seems universal in the six included countries and thus important
to target in preventive interventions. 相似文献
37.
Stephenie C. Lemon Milagros C. Rosal Jane Zapka Amy Borg Victoria Andersen 《Body image》2009,6(2):90-96
Previous studies have consistently observed that women are more likely to perceive themselves as overweight compared to men. Similarly, women are more likely than men to report trying to lose weight. Less is known about the impact that self-perceived weight has on weight loss behaviors of adults and whether this association differs by gender. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among an employee sample (n = 899) to determine the association of self-perceived weight on evidence-based weight loss behaviors across genders, accounting for body mass index (BMI) and demographic characteristics. Women were more likely than men to consider themselves to be overweight across each BMI category, and were more likely to report attempting to lose weight. However, perceiving oneself to be overweight was a strong correlate for weight loss attempts across both genders. The effect of targeting accuracy of self-perceived weight status in weight loss interventions deserves research attention. 相似文献
38.
The performance of 12 subjects in a hand steadiness task was compared at different work loads. Hand steadiness expressed in the form of values of hand shakiness was found not to increase linearly with work intensity. On the contrary, the relation between hand shakiness and activation level, induced by physical work, was found to be positively accelerated by an exponent of 1.6. Subjective effort measured by a ratio estimation method grew, likewise, according to a positively accelerating function with an exponent of about 1.6, while subjective effort according to the “RPE” category scale, like heart rate, grew linearly with work load. 相似文献
39.
Borg I 《Psychological reports》2010,107(2):405-414
First, a discussion is presented of some previous research results on the relation of a person's assessment of the importance ("value") of an object and his or her attitude toward that object, in particular on the relation of work values with job satisfaction. Then, a model is formulated and simulated to explain how both types of judgments are generated. In Phase 1, the elements of the mental representation of the respective attitude object are aggregated by two composition rules to an overall satisfaction and an overall importance judgment, respectively. In addition, possible dissonance of high importance and low satisfaction is reduced by a coping function. 相似文献
40.
Ueland T Rishovd Rund B Borg NE Newton E Purvis R Wykes T 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2004,45(1):55-60
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of contingent monetary reinforcement and enhanced instructions on Span of Apprehension (SPAN) performance in a group of young people with early onset psychosis. Twenty-five participants (mean age 16.7) received a 3- and 12-letter version of the SPAN task six times: baseline, three x intervention, post-test, and 10-day follow-up. No significant effects of time were found in the 3-letter condition, indicating a ceiling effect for accuracy. In the 12-letter condition detection rates improved significantly reaching a maximum at the third intervention (p < 0.001). Performance showed a temporary decline at post-test, but performance returned to the maximum level at the 10-day follow-up. The study suggests that SPAN performance can be improved in young people with early onset psychosis using relatively simple interventions and that performance gains are relatively durable. 相似文献