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41.
The design argument was rebutted by David Hume. He argued that the world and its contents (such as organisms) were not analogous
to human artifacts. Hume further suggested that there were equally plausible alternatives to design to explain the organized
complexity of the cosmos, such as random processes in multiple universes, or that matter could have inherent properties to
self-organize, absent any external crafting. William Paley, writing after Hume, argued that the functional complexity of living
beings, however, defied naturalistic explanations. In effect he dared anyone to come up with an alternative to his inference
to design, and hence a designer, outside of nature. Charles Darwin explained the apparent design of functional complexity
by his theory of natural selection. Asa Gray, however, in essays as well as in correspondence with Darwin argued that natural
selection allowed for a type of ‘evolutionary teleology’ in which design at most could be considered the result of universal
principles. F.E. Hicks updated Hume by specifically objecting to the use of design arguments by Paley. Hicks argued that the
apparent design seen in nature reflected order at a deep level in nature. The design argument was briefly revived by Lawrence
Henderson early in the twentieth century but he ultimately concluded that design and teleology were not necessarily mutually
entailing and he retracted his design argument in favor of one that he termed ‘natural teleology’. The current claims of ‘intelligent
design’ have the same logical problems that have beset previous design arguments. If design is divorced from teleology and
its discontents put behind us, then there is a possibility that the latter can have a place in the development of theories
to explain the phenomena of emergent complexity. 相似文献
42.
The present study had two aims: First, to investigate the joint and specific roles of working memory (WM) and intelligence as predictors of school achievement. And second, to replicate and extend earlier findings (Spinath, Spinath, Harlaar, & Plomin, 2006) on the incremental validity of non-cognitive over cognitive abilities in the prediction of school achievement. The present sample consisted of N = 179 Chinese primary school children in the fourth grade. All measures including working memory (WM), intelligence and motivational items were assessed in class. Teachers provided test scores for the domains of Chinese and Math. We found that WM was a good predictor of school achievement and comparable in predictive power to intelligence. Together, cognitive ability including both WM and intelligence explained 17.8% and 36.4% of the variance in children's Chinese and Math scores, respectively. The relative importance of WM and intelligence varied with school domains with greater predictive power of WM for Math while intelligence explained a greater proportion of the variance in Chinese although the magnitude of this difference was only moderate. Domain-specific motivational constructs contributed only marginally to the prediction of school achievement for both Chinese and Math. 相似文献
43.
Fundamental Beliefs,Origin Explanations and Perceived Effectiveness of Protection Measures: Exploring Laypersons' Chains of Reasoning About Influenza
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Véronique Eicher Alain Clémence Adrian Bangerter Audrey Mouton Eva G. T. Green Ingrid Gilles 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2014,24(5):359-375
Laypersons' chains of reasoning in explaining recent influenza outbreaks are investigated. Drawing on social representations theory, fundamental worldviews, that is, the belief in a dangerous world (BDW), are postulated to anchor explanations of disease origins, which in turn affect perceived effectiveness of protection measures. Our study, based on a longitudinal survey among the general public in Switzerland, showed that the lower people's BDW scores, the more they appeal to natural origins to explain outbreaks and the more they perceive official protection measures as effective. The higher people's BDW scores, the more they explain outbreaks via hygienic origins, which are linked with out‐group discrimination measures, and conspiracy origins, which are linked with lower perceived effectiveness of aid intervention measures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
44.
William Reddy. The Making of Romantic Love: Longing and Sexuality in Europe,South Asia,and Japan, 900–1200 CE. Chicago,IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012. 439 pp. $40.00 (paper). ISBN‐13: 978‐0‐226‐70627‐6.
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Ingrid G. Pechenkov 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2014,50(1):117-119
45.
A Longitudinal Examination of Overgeneral Memory and Psychopathology in Children Following Recent Trauma Exposure
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Caitlin Hitchcock Reginald David Vandervord Nixon Nathan Weber 《Applied cognitive psychology》2014,28(4):531-538
This study represents the first longitudinal examination of the trajectory of overgeneral memory (OGM) in children and how this relates to psychopathology immediately after trauma exposure. We recruited fifty 7‐ to 17‐year‐olds who had experienced an accidental injury that resulted in hospital admission. Assessment of psychological symptoms, OGM and cognitive processes proposed to drive OGM was completed at three points over a 6‐month period post‐trauma. We found that OGM was not related to depressive symptoms and that time since trauma exposure moderated the relationship between post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms and OGM. Although no relationship was found in the first 3 months following trauma, OGM was protective against post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms at 6 months post‐trauma. Despite models of OGM (e.g. Williams et al., 2007 ) emphasising the role of rumination and executive control in explaining OGM, we found no evidence that they were related to OGM. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
46.
Ralph Weber 《Dao》2014,13(2):151-171
Comparison is fundamental to the practice and subject-matter of philosophy, but has received scant attention by philosophers. This is even so in “comparative philosophy,” which literally distinguishes itself from other philosophy by being “comparative.” In this article, the need for a philosophy of comparison is suggested. What we compare with what, and in what respect it is done, poses a series of intriguing and intricate questions. In Part One, I offer a problematization of the tertium comparationis (the third of comparison) by examining conceptualizations of similarity, family resemblance, and analogy, which it is sometimes argued can do without a tertium comparationis. In Part Two, I argue that a third of comparison is already required to determine what is to be compared, and insofar as that determination precedes the comparison that tertium may be called “pre-comparative.” This leads me to argue against incomparability and to show how anything can indeed be compared to anything. In Part Three, I relate my arguments to what is today commonly labelled “comparative philosophy.” Finally, I raise some questions of ontology and politics in order to demonstrate the relevance of a philosophy of comparison. 相似文献
47.
48.
Corinna M. Perchtold Andreas Fink Christian Rominger Hannelore Weber Vera Loureiro de Assunção Günter Schulter 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2018,31(2):206-221
Background and objectives: Previous research indicated that more left-lateralized prefrontal activation during cognitive reappraisal efforts was linked to a greater capacity for generating reappraisals, which is a prerequisite for the effective implementation of cognitive reappraisal in everyday life. The present study examined whether the supposedly appropriate brain activation is relevant in terms of more distal outcomes, i.e., chronic stress perception.Design and methods: Prefrontal EEG alpha asymmetry was recorded while female participants were generating reappraisals for stressful events and was correlated with their self-reported chronic stress levels in everyday life (n?=?80).Results: Women showing less left-lateralized brain activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during cognitive reappraisal efforts reported experiencing more stress in their daily lives. This effect was independent of self-efficacy beliefs in managing negative emotions.Conclusion: These findings underline the practical relevance of individual differences in appropriate brain activation during emotion regulation efforts and the assumedly related basic capacity for the generation of cognitive reappraisals to the feeling of being stressed. Implications include the selection of interventions for the improvement of coping with stress in women in whom the capability for appropriate brain activation during reappraisal efforts may be impaired, e.g., due to depression or old age. 相似文献
49.
Chuanji Gao Douglas H. Wedell Jongwan Kim Christine E. Weber 《Cognition & emotion》2018,32(3):516-529
Two experiments examined how affective values from visual and auditory modalities are integrated. Experiment 1 paired music and videos drawn from three levels of valence while holding arousal constant. Experiment 2 included a parallel combination of three levels of arousal while holding valence constant. In each experiment, participants rated their affective states after unimodal and multimodal presentations. Experiment 1 revealed a congruency effect in which stimulus combinations of the same extreme valence resulted in more extreme state ratings than component stimuli presented in isolation. An interaction between music and video valence reflected the greater influence of negative affect. Video valence was found to have a significantly greater effect on combined ratings than music valence. The pattern of data was explained by a five parameter differential weight averaging model that attributed greater weight to the visual modality and increased weight with decreasing values of valence. Experiment 2 revealed a congruency effect only for high arousal combinations and no interaction effects. This pattern was explained by a three parameter constant weight averaging model with greater weight for the auditory modality and a very low arousal value for the initial state. These results demonstrate key differences in audiovisual integration between valence and arousal. 相似文献
50.
Horst Kächele Ingrid Erhardt Carolina Seybert Michael B. Buchholz 《International Forum of Psychoanalysis》2015,24(2):96-108
AbstractThe concept of countertransference as a robust cornerstone of psychoanalytic work has gained momentum over the last five decades. It is a prime example of elastic concepts covering the range from microprocesses to global clinical phenomena. Empirical research on the treatment process has for a long time – and for good reasons – avoided even trying to measure countertransference. We report here on various efforts for approaching a methodology for measuring it. The paper organizes the various approaches in terms of stages of research. 相似文献