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171.
Daniel L. Weber David M. Green R. Duncan Luce 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1977,22(3):223-231
In absolute identification of intensity, signals near the edges of the range being used are usually identified more accurately than those in the midrange. In one account, the extreme signals serve as anchors, and judgments are postulated to deteriorate as the distance from the signal to the nearest anchor increases. Our data suggest that, provided one corrects for the inherent asymmetry of errors for end and interior signals, the edge effect is rather smaller than it might first appear and is largely confined to the more intense edge. Moreover, anchors are not necessarily located at the edges of the range, but rather at the edges of the largest subset among which difficult discriminations are required. Further, this subset is not defined wholly by the signals used in a particular run, but by these together with those previously encountered in that day’s session. Neither practice nor payoffs appear to influence the location of the anchor so long as the discrimination requirements are maintained. Finally, the role of anchors is interpreted in terms of the differential location of an attention band which controls the sample size upon which the representation of the signal is based. 相似文献
172.
Four studies explored candidate pathways underlying the invention of the “wheeled cart.” In Study 1, heuristics were abstracted
from subjects’ judgements of different precursor paths to the wheeled cart. In Studies 2 and 3, these heuristics were tested
for generality across different precursor paths. In Study 4, subjects ranked the order of incorporating parts into the wheeled
cart. While the studies cannot “prove” that the wheeled cart developed in one of the candidate ways, they show that interesting
and important heuristics of invention can be uncovered from subject’s judgements. Examining candidate paths to important inventions
is a method worthy of exploration. Together, the four studies indicate that important historical inventions might be examined
experimentally. Doing so yields potentially important invention heuristics. 相似文献
173.
T. F. McLaughlin B. F. Williams R. L. Williams S. M. Peck K. M. Derby J. M. Bjordahl K. P. Weber 《Behavioral Interventions》1999,14(2):83-134
The Gonzaga University's behaviorally based Department of Special Education offers an undergraduate major in special education for the completion of a Bachelor of Education degree, as well as a Master of Education in Special Education. The basic behavioral, data‐based model, philosophy, and courses are outlined at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Outcome data gathered from the program's consumers indicated high levels of student and employer satisfaction with the program, the faculty, and the curricular content. The manner in which the program is viewed as compatible with state and national accrediting bodies is discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
174.
An eye-tracking experiment examined whether prosodic cues can affect the interpretation of grammatical functions in the absence of clear morphological information. German listeners were presented with scenes depicting three potential referents while hearing temporarily ambiguous SVO and OVS sentences. While case marking on the first noun phrase (NP) was ambiguous, clear case marking on the second NP disambiguated sentences towards SVO or OVS. Listeners interpreted case-ambiguous NP1s more often as Subject, and thus expected an Object as upcoming argument, only when sentence beginnings carried an SVO-type intonation. This was revealed by more anticipatory eye movements to suitable Patients (Objects) than Agents (Subjects) in the visual scenes. No such preference was found when sentence beginnings had an OVS-type intonation. Prosodic cues were integrated rapidly enough to affect listeners' interpretation of grammatical function before disambiguating case information was available. We conclude that in addition to manipulating attachment ambiguities, prosody can influence the interpretation of constituent order ambiguities. 相似文献
175.
Four subclasses of German noun plurals affixed with -n, exhibiting different degrees of predictability, are investigated in a lexical decision experiment with visual stimuli and in a cross-modal priming experiment. The lexical decision experiment compared -n plurals and irregular -er plurals to plurals with the default affix -s. Whereas the -s plurals yielded no word-form frequency effects, such effects could be observed for all other plural forms, including all subclasses of -n plurals. The priming experiment produced a different pattern. We found that the prior presentations of fully predictable -n plurals prime the stems as effectively as the stem itself, whereas -n plurals with limited predictability yielded only reduced priming effects toward their stems. These results are explained in terms of an extended dual mechanism approach, taking into account an access level and a central level of lexical processing. 相似文献
176.
Risk as feelings 总被引:41,自引:0,他引:41
Virtually all current theories of choice under risk or uncertainty are cognitive and consequentialist. They assume that people assess the desirability and likelihood of possible outcomes of choice alternatives and integrate this information through some type of expectation-based calculus to arrive at a decision. The authors propose an alternative theoretical perspective, the risk-as-feelings hypothesis, that highlights the role of affect experienced at the moment of decision making. Drawing on research from clinical, physiological, and other subfields of psychology, they show that emotional reactions to risky situations often diverge from cognitive assessments of those risks. When such divergence occurs, emotional reactions often drive behavior. The risk-as-feelings hypothesis is shown to explain a wide range of phenomena that have resisted interpretation in cognitive-consequentialist terms. 相似文献
177.
Ingrid P. Hensley James E. Lawler Guanping Zheng Shenggang Li 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2001,36(4):275-292
The borderline hypertensive rat (BHR) responds to environmental and dietary stressors with elevated blood pressure. The first
two months of a high salt diet appear to be the time of greatest sensitivity to salt effects on the blood pressure of BHR.
The current study was conducted to examine whether exposure to salt diets varying in duration for up to two months differentially
affects baseline blood pressures (systolic, SBP, and diastolic, DBP) and blood pressure responses to novel acoustic stimuli
in BHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Male BHR and WKY were fed a control (1%) salt diet or a high (8%) salt diet
for 1, 1.5, 2.5, or 8.5 weeks. SBP and DBP responses to an acoustic stimulus (85 dB, 3 kHz) were measured upon completion
of the diets at 12 weeks of age. Ten acoustic trials (one stimulus/minute) were presented and blood pressure responses were
recorded in 2-second blocks spanning the 10 seconds prior to and following stimulus presentation. BHR had higher resting SBP
and DBP than WKY, and 8.5 weeks of 8 percent salt increased SBP markedly in BHR. SBP and DBP labilities in the initial trial
were greater in BHR than WKY with high salt diet durations of 2.5 and 8.5 weeks producing greater lability in later trials.
Few differences were noted in pressor responses, but BHR had more dramatic depressor responses than WKY in early trials, and
BHR pressures had a more dramatic return to baseline. It appears that genetic history and salt diet can affect blood pressure
lability and recovery in response to novel stimuli in genetically susceptible animals. 相似文献
178.
We examine whether two general dimensions of sociopolitical belief—right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO)—are rooted in insecure psychological attachment. Based on an undergraduate sample ( N = 255), we model the relations among attachment styles, general worldviews, RWA, and SDO. A structural equation model indicated that anxious attachment led to RWA but not SDO and that this effect was mediated by the belief that the world is a dangerous place. In contrast, avoidant attachment led to SDO but not RWA, and this effect was mediated by the belief that the world is an uncaring, competitive jungle in which people are motivated to maximize personal utility. We discuss the implications of these findings for the nature and origins of political conservatism. 相似文献
179.
Weber EU Johnson EJ Milch KF Chang H Brodscholl JC Goldstein DG 《Psychological science》2007,18(6):516-523
People are impatient and discount future rewards more when they are asked to delay consumption than when they are offered the chance to accelerate consumption. The three experiments reported here provide a process-level account for this asymmetry, with implications for designing decision environments that promote less impulsivity. In Experiment 1, a thought-listing procedure showed that people decompose discount valuation into two queries. Whether one considers delayed or accelerated receipt of a gift certificate influences the order in which memory is queried to support immediate versus delayed consumption, and the order of queries affects the relative number of patient versus impatient thoughts. Relative frequency and clustering of impatient thoughts predicts discounting and mediates the discounting asymmetry. Experiment 2 implicated query order causally: When participants listed reasons for immediate versus delayed consumption in the order used spontaneously in acceleration and delay decisions, the discounting asymmetry was replicated; reversing the order in which reasons were listed eliminated the asymmetry. The results of Experiment 3, which used an implicit-memory task, support a memory-interference account of the effect of query order. 相似文献
180.
Nijholt IM Ostroveanu A de Bruyn M Luiten PG Eisel UL Van der Zee EA 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(4):693-696
A-kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) is a multi-enzyme signaling complex that coordinates the action of PKA, PKC, and PP2B at neuronal membranes and synapses. We measured levels of AKAP150 protein in the hippocampus 6h after training mice in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. In contextual fear conditioning mice learn to associate a context with a footshock presentation. Mice were divided in four experimental groups with different training protocols: naive, no footshock exposure, immediate footshock exposure, and footshock 3min after exposure to the context. We found that AKAP150 protein levels were increased upon exposing mice to the novel context independent of the training protocol. However, when the animals were habituated to the experimental context, only mice that learned to associate the context with the footshock showed an upregulation of AKAP150. We suggest that upregulated levels of AKAP150 contribute to processing the exposure to a novel context and associative learning. 相似文献