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201.
The U-shaped metacontrast function may result from the superimposition of two monotonic components which reflect the effects
of mechanisms similar to the peripheral and central processes suggested for backward pattern masking by Turvey (Psychol Rev
80:1–52, 1973). In an experiment using the disc-ring paradigm, it was demonstrated that the decreasing and increasing branches of the metacontrast
function are differently affected by the exposure duration of the mask and a task-irrelevant stimulus (distractor) appearing
in the contralateral visual hemifield. The phenomenal representation of masking is different for the two parts of the curve.
It is suggested that masking in the second part of the masking function, but not in the first, is related to the control of
visual attention. 相似文献
202.
The Fehrer–Raab effect (simple reaction time is unaffected by metacontrast masking of the test stimulus) seems to imply that
a stimulus can trigger a voluntary reaction without reaching a conscious representation. However, it is also possible that
the mask triggers the reaction, and that the masked test stimulus causes a focussing of attention from which processing of
the mask profits, thus reaching conscious representation earlier. This is predicted by the Weather Station Model of visual
masking. Three experiments tested this explanation. Experiment 1 showed that the masked test stimulus caused a temporal shift
of the mask. Experiment 2 showed that the reaction in the Fehrer–Raab effect was not exclusively triggered by a conscious
representation of the test stimulus: the mask was involved in evoking the reaction. Experiment 3 again revealed a temporal
shift of the mask. However, the shift was only about half as large as the Fehrer–Raab effect. The psychometric functions suggested
that the observers used two different cues for their temporal order judgments. The results cast doubts on whether judged temporal
order yields a direct estimate of the time of conscious perception. Some methodological alternatives are discussed. 相似文献
203.
Ingrid Mulder Gabriele Lenzini Mortaza S. Bargh Bob Hulsebosch 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):820-826
This article discusses the challenges for methodological innovation on the basis of experiences in an experimental Living
Lab setting: a context-aware Coffee Corner in a research institute. A context-aware infrastructure collects sensory information
on users while they move and interact. People getting coffee can use a variety of services offered in the intelligent environment
at the Coffee Corner’s site; for example, a colleague-radar application allows users to see the current positions of their
colleagues in the building. At the same time, it identifies and authenticates users using proximity-aware and context-aware
security features. Apart from proximity and context awareness, the analysis of contextual data allows the construction of
a behavioral model of users that can be used to customize the services offered at the Coffee Corner. We explain how the Living
Lab allows us to measure behavior in context in an unobtrusive and trustworthy way (e.g., by respecting a user’s right to
privacy). 相似文献
204.
Ingrid Hoonhorst Cécile Colin Emily Markessis Monique Radeau Paul Deltenre Willy Serniclaes 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,104(4):353-366
By examining voice onset time (VOT) discrimination in 4- and 8-month-olds raised in a French-speaking environment, the current study addresses the question of the role played by linguistic experience in the reshaping of the initial perceptual abilities. Results showed that the language-general −30- and +30-ms VOT boundaries are better discriminated than the 0-ms boundary in 4-month-olds, whereas 8-month-olds better discriminate the 0-ms boundary. These data support explanations of speech development stressing the effects of both language-general boundaries and linguistic environment (attunement theory and coupling theory). Results also suggest that the acquisition of the adult voicing boundary (at 0 ms VOT in French vs. +30 ms VOT in English) is faster and more linear in French than in English. This latter aspect of the results might be related to differences in the consistency of VOT distributions of voiced and voiceless stops between languages. 相似文献
205.
Whereas previous research has studied the relation of either (i) personality with prejudice, (ii) personality with social dominance orientation (SDO) and right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), or (iii) SDO and RWA with prejudice, the present research integrates all approaches within the same model. In our study (N = 183), various causal models of the relationships among the Big Five, SDO, RWA, and Generalized Prejudice are proposed and tested. Generalized Prejudice scores were obtained from a factor analysis of the scores on various prejudice instruments (racism, sexism, prejudice toward homosexuals, and mentally disabled people), which yielded a one‐factor solution. The best‐fitting causal model, which was our suggested hypothetical model, showed that Big Five personality had no direct effect on Generalized Prejudice but an indirect effect transmitted through RWA and SDO, where RWA seems to capture personality aspects to a greater extent than SDO. Specifically, Generalized Prejudice was affected indirectly by Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness through RWA, and by Agreeableness through SDO, whereas Neuroticism had no effect at all. The results are discussed against the background of previous research and the personality and social psychology approaches to the study of prejudice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
206.
Alexander Krüger Jan Tünnermann Ingrid Scharlau 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(6):1593-1614
For almost three decades, the theory of visual attention (TVA) has been successful in mathematically describing and explaining a wide variety of phenomena in visual selection and recognition with high quantitative precision. Interestingly, the influence of feature contrast on attention has been included in TVA only recently, although it has been extensively studied outside the TVA framework. The present approach further develops this extension of TVA’s scope by measuring and modeling salience. An empirical measure of salience is achieved by linking different (orientation and luminance) contrasts to a TVA parameter. In the modeling part, the function relating feature contrasts to salience is described mathematically and tested against alternatives by Bayesian model comparison. This model comparison reveals that the power function is an appropriate model of salience growth in the dimensions of orientation and luminance contrast. Furthermore, if contrasts from the two dimensions are combined, salience adds up additively. 相似文献
207.
Ingrid Cortez-Carbonell 《Estudios de Psicología》2017,38(1):230-257
Various studies have indicated that children with ADHD have difficulties with the facial interpretation of affect. Research in the adult ADHD population overall is scarce. The present study explores how adults with ADHD react to a simple attention task and an emotion-containing task. Thirty adults clinically diagnosed with ADHD and 30 non-ADHD controls completed a computer-based task through a set of facial expressions standardized for Chile. The task was composed of two parts: first, a simple attention task with facial expressions; and second, a facial expression-labelling task. Reaction Time (RT) and Accuracy (Acc) of responses were evaluated. Participants with ADHD responded significantly faster and were significantly less accurate in both tasks compared to controls. Across both groups, emotion-specific errors increased in the facial expression of anger. Additionally, the ADHD group was significantly faster in responding for anger, but not for happiness or neutral expressions. Impulsivity commonly associated with ADHD may account for faster RT and lower Acc. Moreover, happiness may be more pleasant to identify than anger. These results are consistent with studies that have recorded greater Acc for positive emotions in comparison with negative emotions. 相似文献
208.
This study explored the relationship between personal factors and job retention in a South African financial services sector setting. A non-probability purposive sample of employees (n = 383; females = 57%, black = 42%) of two financial institutions were participants (age range = 25 to 65; middle management = 34%). The employees reported on their self-esteem, employability attributes, and job retention factors. The data were analysed to predict job retention factors from the personal factors of self-esteem and employability. The results indicate overall self-esteem, employability attributes, and age to significantly and positively predict job retention factors of employees within the financial services industry. The self-esteem psychological aspects of general self-esteem, social self-esteem, and personal self-esteem, uniquely predicted job retention factors. Additionally, the employability attributes of career self-management, cultural competence, self-efficacy career resilience, sociability, entrepreneurial orientation, proactivity, and emotional literacy uniquely predicted job retention factors. 相似文献
209.
Hervais-Adelman A Davis MH Johnsrude IS Carlyon RP 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(2):460-474
Speech comprehension is resistant to acoustic distortion in the input, reflecting listeners' ability to adjust perceptual processes to match the speech input. This adjustment is reflected in improved comprehension of distorted speech with experience. For noise vocoding, a manipulation that removes spectral detail from speech, listeners' word report showed a significantly greater improvement over trials for listeners that heard clear speech presentations before rather than after hearing distorted speech (clear-then-distorted compared with distorted-then-clear feedback, in Experiment 1). This perceptual learning generalized to untrained words suggesting a sublexical locus for learning and was equivalent for word and nonword training stimuli (Experiment 2). These findings point to the crucial involvement of phonological short-term memory and top-down processes in the perceptual learning of noise-vocoded speech. Similar processes may facilitate comprehension of speech in an unfamiliar accent or following cochlear implantation. 相似文献
210.
The present study examined the role of valence in the development of children's implanted false memories. Seventy-six 7-year-old children listened to two true and one false narrative. The false narrative was either neutral ("moving to another classroom") or emotional negative ("being accused by the teacher for copying off your neighbor"). In addition, half of the children were presented with their class photograph while listening to the narratives. During two interviews, children recalled as many details as possible from the true and false events. Results showed that the negative event elicited more false memories than the neutral event. The presentation of a true photograph did not promote the development of false memories. 相似文献