L ambert , W. W., J ohansson , G., F rankenhaeuser , M. & K lackenberg -L arsson , I. Catecholamine excretion in young children and their parents as related to behavior. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1969, 10, 306–318. — Catecholamine excretion in 100 children and their parents was examined in relation to the children's behavior and to data on the parents' disciplinary procedures: ( a ) children's adrenaline excretion was positively correlated with their intellectual level, ( b ) their noradrenaline excretion was positively correlated with that of their mothers, as well as with both parents' age at the birth of the child, ( c ) mothers' adrenaline excretion was positively correlated with the frequency at which the fathers punished their children by smacking, and ( d ) fathers' noradrenaline excretion was negatively correlated with their own as well as with their wives' frequency of smacking their children. 相似文献
In everyday conversation, we make many rapid choices between competing concepts and words in order to convey our intent. This process is termed semantic control, and it is thought to rely on information transmission between a distributed semantic store in the temporal lobes and a more discrete region, optimized for retrieval and selection, in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Here, we used diffusion tensor imaging in a group of neurologically normal young adults to investigate the relationship between semantic control and white matter tracts that have been implicated in semantic memory retrieval. Participants completed a verb generation task that taps semantic control (Snyder & Munakata, 2008; Snyder et al., 2010) and underwent a diffusion imaging scan. Deterministic tractography was performed to compute indices representing the microstructural properties of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), the uncinate fasciculus (UF), and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). Microstructural measures of the UF failed to predict semantic control performance. However, there was a significant relationship between microstructure of the left IFOF and ILF and individual differences in semantic control. Our findings support the view put forth by Duffau (2013) that the IFOF is a key structural pathway in semantic retrieval. 相似文献
The U-shaped metacontrast function may result from the superimposition of two monotonic components which reflect the effects
of mechanisms similar to the peripheral and central processes suggested for backward pattern masking by Turvey (Psychol Rev
80:1–52, 1973). In an experiment using the disc-ring paradigm, it was demonstrated that the decreasing and increasing branches of the metacontrast
function are differently affected by the exposure duration of the mask and a task-irrelevant stimulus (distractor) appearing
in the contralateral visual hemifield. The phenomenal representation of masking is different for the two parts of the curve.
It is suggested that masking in the second part of the masking function, but not in the first, is related to the control of
visual attention. 相似文献
The Fehrer–Raab effect (simple reaction time is unaffected by metacontrast masking of the test stimulus) seems to imply that
a stimulus can trigger a voluntary reaction without reaching a conscious representation. However, it is also possible that
the mask triggers the reaction, and that the masked test stimulus causes a focussing of attention from which processing of
the mask profits, thus reaching conscious representation earlier. This is predicted by the Weather Station Model of visual
masking. Three experiments tested this explanation. Experiment 1 showed that the masked test stimulus caused a temporal shift
of the mask. Experiment 2 showed that the reaction in the Fehrer–Raab effect was not exclusively triggered by a conscious
representation of the test stimulus: the mask was involved in evoking the reaction. Experiment 3 again revealed a temporal
shift of the mask. However, the shift was only about half as large as the Fehrer–Raab effect. The psychometric functions suggested
that the observers used two different cues for their temporal order judgments. The results cast doubts on whether judged temporal
order yields a direct estimate of the time of conscious perception. Some methodological alternatives are discussed. 相似文献
Subjective well-being (SWB) research is characterized by many large samples, which often results in virtually all variables being significantly related to well-being, even if the associations are small. In this article we explore the strengths of associations between various predictors and SWB outcomes. In addition to standard effect-size statistics, we also examined the range of the SWB scale covered in the distribution of the predictor, allowing us to estimate the strength of influence of each variable, independent of variability in the sample. We analyzed just a few variables to illustrate what our approach reveals. Our analyses included a representative sample of both the world and the United States, and our data included three types of SWB (life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA)). The largest effect sizes emerged for societal characteristics, such as between-nations differences, as well as personal characteristics, such as perceived social support. Small or very small effect sizes were consistently found for demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, and marital status. Other effect sizes varied by the type of SWB being considered. For example, income resulted in a large effect size for LS, but small to medium effect sizes for PA and NA. We suggest that when scholars report and interpret the associations of predictor variables with SWB, they consider the strengths of their significant associations.
This article discusses the challenges for methodological innovation on the basis of experiences in an experimental Living
Lab setting: a context-aware Coffee Corner in a research institute. A context-aware infrastructure collects sensory information
on users while they move and interact. People getting coffee can use a variety of services offered in the intelligent environment
at the Coffee Corner’s site; for example, a colleague-radar application allows users to see the current positions of their
colleagues in the building. At the same time, it identifies and authenticates users using proximity-aware and context-aware
security features. Apart from proximity and context awareness, the analysis of contextual data allows the construction of
a behavioral model of users that can be used to customize the services offered at the Coffee Corner. We explain how the Living
Lab allows us to measure behavior in context in an unobtrusive and trustworthy way (e.g., by respecting a user’s right to
privacy). 相似文献
By examining voice onset time (VOT) discrimination in 4- and 8-month-olds raised in a French-speaking environment, the current study addresses the question of the role played by linguistic experience in the reshaping of the initial perceptual abilities. Results showed that the language-general −30- and +30-ms VOT boundaries are better discriminated than the 0-ms boundary in 4-month-olds, whereas 8-month-olds better discriminate the 0-ms boundary. These data support explanations of speech development stressing the effects of both language-general boundaries and linguistic environment (attunement theory and coupling theory). Results also suggest that the acquisition of the adult voicing boundary (at 0 ms VOT in French vs. +30 ms VOT in English) is faster and more linear in French than in English. This latter aspect of the results might be related to differences in the consistency of VOT distributions of voiced and voiceless stops between languages. 相似文献