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91.
Eric Rassin Peter Muris Ingmar Franken Maartje Smit Maggie Wong 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2007,29(1):60-67
Although indecisiveness seems to be a widespread problem, little empirical research has addressed its measurement. Frost and
Shows (1993; Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 683–692) introduced the Indecisiveness Scale (IS) as a measure of individual differences in general indecisiveness. Although
these authors conducted various psychometric analyses, some properties (e.g., factor structure, test-retest reliability) were
not investigated. In the present studies, several reliability and validity indices were computed. First, four of the fifteen
items of the IS were found to be omissible. Second, 4-week test-retest reliability was found to be satisfactory. Third, scores
on the IS were found to correlate meaningfully with a concurrent measure of decision making, and with various scales of psychopathology.
Lastly, in Study 4, the IS was found to predict scores on a behavioural measure of decision making, suggesting good predictive
validity. Overall, these findings suggest that the IS has good psychometric properties. 相似文献
92.
Johannes Persson 《Erkenntnis》2010,72(1):135-149
Accounts of ontic explanation have often been devised so as to provide an understanding of mechanism and of causation. Ontic
accounts differ quite radically in their ontologies, and one of the latest additions to this tradition proposed by Peter Machamer,
Lindley Darden and Carl Craver reintroduces the concept of activity. In this paper I ask whether this influential and activity-based
account of mechanisms is viable as an ontic account. I focus on polygenic scenarios—scenarios in which the causal truths depend
on more than one cause. The importance of polygenic causation was noticed early on by Mill (1893). It has since been shown to be a problem for both causal-law approaches to causation (Cartwright 1983) and accounts of causation cast in terms of capacities (Dupré 1993; Glennan 1997, pp. 605–626). However, whereas mechanistic accounts seem to be attractive precisely because they promise to handle complicated
causal scenarios, polygenic causation needs to be examined more thoroughly in the emerging literature on activity-based mechanisms.
The activity-based account proposed in Machamer et al. (2000, pp. 1–25) is problematic as an ontic account, I will argue. It seems necessary to ask, of any ontic account, how well it
performs in causal situations where—at the explanandum level of mechanism—no activity occurs. In addition, it should be asked how well the activity-based account performs in situations where there are
too few activities around to match the polygenic causal origin of the explanandum. The first situation presents an explanandum-problem
and the second situation presents an explanans-problem—I will argue—both of which threaten activity-based frameworks. 相似文献
93.
The hypothesis that human reasoning and decision-making can be roughly modeled by Expected Utility Theory has been at the
core of decision science. Accumulating evidence has led researchers to modify the hypothesis. One of the latest additions
to the field is Dual Process theory, which attempts to explain variance between participants and tasks when it comes to deviations
from Expected Utility Theory. It is argued that Dual Process theories at this point cannot replace previous theories, since
they, among other things, lack a firm conceptual framework, and have no means of producing independent evidence for their
case. 相似文献
94.
Dutilh Gilles Annis Jeffrey Brown Scott D. Cassey Peter Evans Nathan J. Grasman Raoul P. P. P. Hawkins Guy E. Heathcote Andrew Holmes William R. Krypotos Angelos-Miltiadis Kupitz Colin N. Leite Fábio P. Lerche Veronika Lin Yi-Shin Logan Gordon D. Palmeri Thomas J. Starns Jeffrey J. Trueblood Jennifer S. van Maanen Leendert van Ravenzwaaij Don Vandekerckhove Joachim Visser Ingmar Voss Andreas White Corey N. Wiecki Thomas V. Rieskamp Jörg Donkin Chris 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2019,26(4):1051-1069
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Most data analyses rely on models. To complement statistical models, psychologists have developed cognitive models, which translate observed variables into... 相似文献
95.
Johanna K. Falbén Marius Golubickis Ruta Balseryte Linn M. Persson Dimitra Tsamadi Siobhan Caughey 《Visual cognition》2019,27(1):46-51
Recent research has suggested that self-relevance automatically enhances stimulus processing (i.e., the self-prioritization effect). Notably, information associated with one’s self elicits faster responses than comparable material associated with other targets (e.g., friend, stranger). Challenging the assertion that self-prioritization is an obligatory process, here we hypothesized that self-relevance only facilitates performance when task sets draw attention to previously formed target-object associations. The results of two experiments were consistent with this viewpoint. Compared with arbitrary objects owned by a friend, those owned by the self were classified more rapidly when participants were required to report either the owner or identity of the items (i.e., semantic task set). In contrast, self-relevance failed to facilitate performance when participants judged the orientation of the stimuli (i.e., perceptual task set). These findings demonstrate the conditional automaticity of self-prioritization during stimulus processing. 相似文献
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Roger Persson Annie Hogh Åse-Marie Hansen Catarina Nordander Kerstina Ohlsson Istvan Balogh Kai Österberg Palle Ørbæk 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(4):387-399
There is little research on the personalities and emotional stability of persons who report being bullied or witnessing bullying
at work. Men and women (N = 247) from 19 to 64 years of age and in manual labour completed a questionnaire concerning the psychosocial work climate,
bullying and personality. Three groups were defined: bullied (N = 14), witnesses (N = 31) and non-bullied respondents (N = 202). The Swedish universities Scale of Personality was used to assess personality traits related to the three major dimensions
of neuroticism, extraversion, and aggressiveness. Bullied persons had higher scores on all six scales within the neuroticism
dimension as well as higher irritability (aggressiveness dimension) and impulsiveness scores (extraversion dimension), when
compared with their non-bullied work colleagues. To conclude, bullied persons display a self-image that is dominated by mistrust
and embitterment as well as irritability and impulsiveness. Accordingly, when dealing with bullying at work, the need for
ego-supportive actions should be considered in conjunction with more organisational, collective oriented action. 相似文献
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