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111.
Normal language acquisition is a process that unfolds with amazing speed primarily in the first years of life. However, the refinement of linguistic proficiency is an ongoing process, extending well into childhood and adolescence. An increase in lateralization and a more focussed productive language network have been suggested to be the neural correlates of this process. However, the processes underlying the refinement of language comprehension are less clear. Using a language comprehension (Beep Stories) and a language production (Vowel Identification) task in fMRI, we studied language representation and lateralization in 36 children, adolescents, and young adults (age 6-24 years). For the language comprehension network, we found a more focal activation with age in the bilateral superior temporal gyri. No significant increase of lateralization with age could be observed, so the neural basis of language comprehension as assessed with the Beep Stories task seems to be established in a bilateral network by late childhood. For the productive network, however, we could confirm an increase with age both in focus and lateralization. Only in the language comprehension task did verbal IQ correlate with lateralization, with higher verbal IQ being associated with more right-hemispheric involvement. In some subjects (24%), language comprehension and language production were lateralized to opposite hemispheres. 相似文献
112.
113.
Pereira ME Alvaro Estramiana JL Schweiger Gallo I 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2010,13(2):808-817
Over the past few years, one of the most productive directions in the study of the activation and application of stereotypes has been provided by the essentialist concept of categorization. The research presented here studied the impact of two dimensions of essentialist beliefs--naturalism and entitativity-by using data collected from Brazil, Spain and England. The aim was to test whether there was a greater degree of essentialization among the naturalizable categories (sex, age and race) than among the entitative categories (economic condition, religion, political orientation, nationality and social condition). The results not only showed that participants hold more essentialist beliefs with regard to naturalistic categories but also showed the differences in the degree of essentialization across the three cultures. A discussion is conducted on the implications of the present findings, and on the heuristic value of the theoretical model (of the bidimensional nature of essentialism) adopted by this research. 相似文献
114.
Searching for the functional locus of the SNARC effect: Evidence for a response-related origin 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Dehaene, Bossini, and Giraux (1993) showed that when participants make parity judgments, responses to numerically small numbers are made faster with the left hand, whereas responses to large numbers are made faster with the right hand (the SNARC [spatial-numerical association of response codes] effect). According to one view, the SNARC effect arises at an early processing stage due to (in)congruencies between the digit's side of presentation and its representation on the mental number line, independently of response effector(s). Alternatively, the SNARC effect might arise at a later response-related stage due to (in)congruencies between the digit's representation on the mental number line and the side of response, independently of the side of presentation. The results of three experiments, using central and lateralized stimuli, and vocal and manual responses, clearly support the view that the SNARC effect arises at a relatively late response-related stage, without substantive contributions from earlier processing stages. 相似文献
115.
Moving the eyes along the mental number line: comparing SNARC effects with saccadic and manual responses 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Bimanual parityjudgments about numerically small (large) digits are faster with the left (right) hand, even though parity is unrelated to numerical magnitude per se (the SNARC effect; Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993). According to one model, this effect reflects a space-related representation of numerical magnitudes (mental number line) with a genuine left-to-right orientation. Alternatively, it may simply reflect an overlearned motor association between numbers and manual responses--as, for example, on typewriters or computer keyboards--in which case it should be weaker or absent with effectors whose horizontal response component is less systematically associated with individual numbers. Two experiments involving comparisons of saccadic and manual parity judgment tasks clearly support the first view; they also establish a vertical SNARC effect, suggesting that our magnitude representation resembles a number map, rather than a number line. 相似文献
116.
To facilitate communication about fragrances, one can use the colours people tend to associate with their smells. We investigated to what extent odour-colour correspondences for fine fragrances can be accounted for by underlying emotional associations. Odour-colour matches and degree-of-fit judgments revealed that odours were matched to colours non-randomly. Matching colours differed mainly on blackness (brightness), and less on chromaticness (saturation) and hue. Furthermore, we found a consistent negative relationship between odour-colour degree-of-fit ratings and the difference between the odour scores and the colour scores on one of the emotion dimensions (pleasure). This suggests that emotional associations may partly underlie odour-colour correspondences. 相似文献
117.
Jeroen Knaeps Inge Neyens Jaap van Weeghel Chantal Van Audenhove 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2016,44(1):57-71
Although the evidence-based Individual Placement and Support programme highlights the importance of the vocational rehabilitation (VR) counsellors' focus on competitive employment during career counselling, studies have shown that counsellors do not always target such jobs. This study examines which determinants affect the counsellors' intentions using an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Cross-sectional data of 263 VR counsellors of three public employment services were analysed using structural equation modelling. A path model comprising attitudes, prior behaviour, and subjective and moral norms explained 69% of the variance in intentions. The findings indicate that counsellors focus more on competitive employment when they (1) view the placement in a competitive job as positive, (2) experience support and (3) have prior relevant experiences. 相似文献
118.
L Weller A Weller S Roizman 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1999,113(3):261-268
Human menstrual synchrony was examined in a sample of 73 urban households with a relatively high degree of mutual contact and interaction but less than that of a previously studied, possibly unique sample of Bedouin families with an extremely high degree of contact, interaction, and sexual segregation (A. Weller & Weller, 1997). In addition, for the first time, menstrual synchrony was studied among best friends who did not live together and among sisters who did versus did not share a bedroom. A very high degree of synchrony was found among families (51%) and among sisters (51%), and a relatively high degree of synchrony was found among close friends (30%). The results suggest that synchrony can be attained without sleeping in the same bedroom or even in the same house. The findings also suggest that an effective range of mutual exposure is an attribute of human menstrual synchrony; below or above this range, the phenomenon may not occur. 相似文献
119.
Estimates about uncertain quantities can be expressed in terms of lower limits (more than X, minimum X), or upper limits (less than Y, maximum Y). It has been shown that lower limit statements generally occur much more often than upper limit statements (Halberg & Teigen, 2009). However, in a conversational context, preferences for upper and lower limit statements will be moderated by the concerns of the interlocutors. We report three studies asking speakers and listeners about their preferences for lower and upper limit statements, in the domains of distances, durations, and prices. It appears that travellers prefer information about maximum distances and maximum durations, and buyers (but not sellers) prefer to be told about maximum prices and maximum delivery times. Mistaken maxima are at the same time regarded as more “wrong” than mistaken minima. However, this preference for “worst case” information is not necessarily shared by providers of information (advisors), who are also concerned about being blamed if wrong. 相似文献
120.
Elfi Baillien Inge Neyens Hans De Witte Nele De Cuyper 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2009,19(1):1-16
Up to now, researchers have identified various individual and work‐related factors as potential antecedents of workplace bullying. The aim of the present study is to integrate this line of research in view of explaining how these antecedents may develop into workplace bullying. Key informants, such as union representatives, employees with a confidence role concerning workplace bullying, human resource managers, prevention workers and social service employees, analysed bullying incidents or cases within their organization. We combined the various perspectives on the same incident into one plan. Then, all 87 case plans were united in a global model that reflects the development towards bullying. The results suggested three processes that may contribute to the development of bullying. Firstly, bullying may result from inefficient coping with frustration. Such coping mechanisms are likely to be active for perpetrators, and passive for victims. Secondly, bullying may be the consequence of escalated conflicts. Thirdly, bullying may result from destructive team and organizational cultures or habits. Individual and work‐related antecedents may affect these processes in two ways: they may be at the origin of the three processes, and they may relate to the employees' coping style. Implications for theory and research are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献