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81.
82.
Wendy Cadge Mar Griera Kristen Lucken Ines Michalowski 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2017,56(2):255-258
Each of the essays presented enters the conversation about religion in public institutions through a different analytic doorway. The essays presented here enlarge and challenge various aspects of our initial analytic framework and enable us to see our blind spots and propose next steps. Reflecting on the contributions, we outline three additional issues to consider: the centrality of religion to the organizational identity or to organizational goal achievement, the effect of a specific aspect of the institution's organizational structure on religion, and the relevance of larger cross‐national differences for explaining differences in the same institution across national borders. Finally, we call for additional cross‐national case studies that will enable continued development of the comparative framework we propose. 相似文献
83.
Assessing reading comprehension with narrative and expository texts: Dimensionality and relationship with fluency,vocabulary and memory
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Sandra Santos Irene Cadime Fernanda L. Viana Séli Chaves‐Sousa Elena Gayo José Maia Iolanda Ribeiro 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2017,58(1):1-8
Reading comprehension assessment should rely on valid instruments that enable adequate conclusions to be taken regarding students' reading comprehension performance. In this article, two studies were conducted to collect validity evidence for the vertically scaled forms of two Tests of Reading Comprehension for Portuguese elementary school students in the second to fourth grades, one with narrative texts (TRC‐n) and another with expository ones (TRC‐e). Two samples of 950 and 990 students participated in Study 1, the study of the dimensionality of the TRC‐n and TRC‐e forms, respectively. Confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence of an acceptable fit for the one‐factor solution for all test forms. Study 2 included 218 students to collect criterion‐related validity. The scores obtained in each of the test forms were significantly correlated with the ones obtained in other reading comprehension measures and with the results obtained in oral reading fluency, vocabulary and working memory tests. Evidence suggests that the test forms are valid measures of reading comprehension. 相似文献
84.
Araújo S Faísca L Bramão I Inácio F Petersson KM Reis A 《The Journal of general psychology》2011,138(3):215-228
In the present study, the authors investigate how some visual factors related to early stages of visual-object naming modulate naming performance in dyslexia. The performance of dyslexic children was compared with 2 control groups-normal readers matched for age and normal readers matched for reading level-while performing a discrete naming task in which color and dimensionality of the visually presented objects were manipulated. The results showed that 2-dimensional naming performance improved for color representations in control readers but not in dyslexics. In contrast to control readers, dyslexics were also insensitive to the stimulus's dimensionality. These findings are unlikely to be explained by a phonological processing problem related to phonological access or retrieval but suggest that dyslexics have a lower capacity for coding and decoding visual surface features of 2-dimensional representations or problems with the integration of visual information stored in long-term memory. 相似文献
85.
Testoni Ines Bingaman Kirk Gengarelli Giulia Capriati Marianna De Vincenzo Ciro Toniolo Andrea Marchica Barbara Zamperini Adriano 《Pastoral Psychology》2019,68(6):687-703
Pastoral Psychology - Loss and its associated grief are important elements of many adverse life events. The focus of this study is centred on a particular form of mourning: the affliction derived... 相似文献
86.
The effect of intentional expectancy on mental processing: a chronopsychophysiological investigation
Expected events are processed faster than unexpected ones. Previously, we have reported evidence that passive expectancies determined by the preceding event sequence mainly affected the duration of motoric processes. Here we examined the effects of instructed, intentional expectancies in a two-choice reaction time (RT) task. As predicted, RTs were shorter for expected than unexpected events. Onset of the lateralized readiness potential as an index of selective response activation, and the latency of the P300 component of the event-related potential, reflecting the duration of perceptual processing, indicated that intentional expectancy affected the time demands for central processing but did not influence the duration of early perceptual or motoric processes. Together the present and our previous results provide evidence that different kinds of expectancy can be distinguished by their locus of action within the information processing system. 相似文献
87.
Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments 总被引:10,自引:10,他引:0
Biro D Inoue-Nakamura N Tonooka R Yamakoshi G Sousa C Matsuzawa T 《Animal cognition》2003,6(4):213-223
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are the most proficient and versatile users of tools in the wild. How such skills become integrated into the behavioural repertoire of wild chimpanzee communities is investigated here by drawing together evidence from three complementary approaches in a group of oil-palm nut- (Elaeis guineensis) cracking chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. First, extensive surveys of communities adjacent to Bossou have shown that population-specific details of tool use, such as the selection of species of nuts as targets for cracking, cannot be explained purely on the basis of ecological differences. Second, a 16-year longitudinal record tracing the development of nut-cracking in individual chimpanzees has highlighted the importance of a critical period for learning (3–5 years of age), while the similar learning contexts experienced by siblings have been found to result in near-perfect (13 out of 14 dyads) inter-sibling correspondence in laterality. Third, novel data from field experiments involving the introduction of unfamiliar species of nuts to the Bossou group illuminates key aspects of both cultural innovation and transmission. We show that responses of individuals toward the novel items differ markedly with age, with juveniles being the most likely to explore. Furthermore, subjects are highly specific in their selection of conspecifics as models for observation, attending to the nut-cracking activities of individuals in the same age group or older, but not younger than themselves. Together with the phenomenon of inter-community migration, these results demonstrate a mechanism for the emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees. 相似文献
88.
This paper explores the effectiveness of token rewards in maintaining chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in working at intellectually costly tasks, and studies the "saving" behavior of the subjects, investigating the factors
that can condition it. Two experiments were run. Tokens were introduced as rewards in a matching-to-sample task and used as
exchange tools for food by three adult female chimpanzees. Subjects' performances were maintained at constant high levels
of accuracy, suggesting that the tokens were almost equivalent to direct food rewards. The results also showed the emergence
of saving behavior. The subjects spontaneously saved the tokens during the matching-to-sample task before exchanging them
for food. The chimpanzees also learned a new symbolic discrimination task, with tokens as the reward. During this learning
process a rarely reported phenomenon emerged: one of the subjects showed symmetry, a form of stimulus equivalence.
Accepted after revision: 7 August 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
89.
Introduction
Self-conscious emotions play an important role in children's psychosocial functioning.Objective
To examine how institutionalized children who have been abused and noninstitutionalized children solve socio-moral conflicts and evoke self-conscious emotions to deal with these conflicts.Method
One hundred children aged 5 to 8 years old (50 placed in residential care after abuse and 50 nonabused living with their biological families) were asked to solve the socio-moral conflicts enacted by a set of five story-stems.Results
Institutionalized children describe less adjusted resolutions and less pride in their narratives than noninstitutionalized children do. Children maltreatment revealed no effect on self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt.Conclusion
Maltreatment influences the way children use their emotional and social resources to deal with socio-moral conflicts. 相似文献90.
Flávio Teles Ana Letícia Amorim de Albuquerque Ingrid Karoline Freitas Guedes Lins Patrícia Carvalho Medrado 《Psychology, health & medicine》2018,23(9):1069-1078
Chronic kidney disease is associated with a high prevalence of depression, which increases inversely with the glomerular filtration rate. This paper aims to evaluate the factors associated with a low quality of life and depression in patients on haemodialysis. Two hundred patients undergoing haemodialysis answered the Medical Outcomes Study 36 – Item Short – Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Clinical and laboratory variables were analysed and correlated with these two tools. The prevalence of depression was 29%. Anaemia and hypoalbuminemia were independent risk factors for depression. All SF-36 domains showed worse results in patients with depression, and the pain domain presented the highest correlation. Our findings provide evidence that patients on haemodialysis have a low quality of life and a high prevalence of depression. A greater number of comorbidities, an excessive number of medications, diabetes mellitus, anaemia and hypoalbuminemia were associated with a reduced quality of life. 相似文献