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41.
Robert M. Schindler 《Memory & cognition》1978,6(2):124-130
Subjects were given a simplified proofreading task in which they were instructed to circle every occurrence of a target letter in a prose passage or in a scrambled prose passage. It was found that the presence of a prose context enhanced the subjects ability to find a target letter when the target letter was in a content word, but impaired the subjects ability to find a target letter when it was in a function word. This interaction sheds light on a number of conflicting reports in the literature. 相似文献
42.
The Psychological Record - 相似文献
43.
Orbital prefrontal cortex and guidance of instrumental behavior of rats by visuospatial stimuli predicting reward magnitude
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The orbital prefrontal cortex (OPFC) is part of a circuitry mediating the perception of reward and the initiation of adaptive behavioral responses. We investigated whether the OPFC is involved in guidance of the speed of instrumental behavior by visuospatial stimuli predictive of different reward magnitudes. Unoperated rats, sham-lesioned rats, and rats with bilateral lesions of the OPFC by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were trained in a visuospatial discrimination task. The task required a lever press on the illuminated lever of two available to obtain a food reward. Different reward magnitudes were permanently assigned to lever presses to respective sides of the operant chamber; that is, responses to one lever (e.g., the left one) were always rewarded with one pellet and responses to the other lever with five pellets. On each trial, the position of the illuminated lever was pseudorandomly determined in advance. Results revealed that OPFC lesions did not impair acquisition of the task, as the speed of conditioned responses was significantly shorter with expectancy of a high reward magnitude. In addition, during reversal, shift and reshift of lever position–reward magnitude contingencies and under extinction conditions, performance of the OPFC-lesioned and control groups did not differ. It is concluded that the OPFC in rats might not be critical for adapting behavioral responses to changes of stimulus–reward magnitude contingencies signaled by visuospatial cues. 相似文献
44.
Jentzsch I Leuthold H Ulrich R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(3):610-626
The mechanism underlying the reaction time (RT2) slowing to the 2nd of 2 successively presented stimuli (S1 and S2) in the psychological refractory period paradigm was investigated. Stimulus onset synchrony (SOA) between S1 and S2, contrast of S2, and Task 2 set-level compatibility was manipulated. Specifically, the authors used a psychophysiological approach to examine RT2 slowing in trials in which the reaction time to S1 (RT1) was shorter than the SOA. For trials with RT1 < SOA, the clear decrease in RT2 with increasing SOA was underadditive with the S2 contrast effect, but additive with compatibility. Electrophysiological measures revealed an exclusively premotoric locus of RT2 slowing. These findings indicate that a central bottleneck stage is occupied for some period after response to S1 execution, consistent with an extended response selection bottleneck account. 相似文献
45.
SELECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS PRODUCED SOLELY WITH APPETITIVE CONTINGENCIES: THE STIMULUS-REINFORCER INTERACTION REVISITED
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Stanley J. Weiss Leigh V. Panlilio Charles W. Schindler 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1993,59(2):309-322
In studies reporting stimulus-reinforcer interactions in traditional conditioning paradigms, when a tone-light compound was associated with food the light gained stimulus control, but when the compound was paired with shock avoidance the tone gained control. However, the physical nature of the reinforcerrelated events (food vs. shock) presented in the presence of the tone-light compound was always confounded with the conditioned hedonic value of the compound's presence relative to its absence. When the compound was paired with shock, its presence was negative relative to its absence (which was shock-free). In contrast, when the compound was paired with food, its presence was positive relative to its absence (which was food-free). The present experiment dealt with this confounding effect by conditioning a tone-light compound to be positive or negative, relative to its absence, solely with food reinforcement. One group of rats received food for responding in the presence of the tone-light compound and no food in its absence. The other group also responded in the presence of the compound, but received food only in its absence. These rats were trained on a chained schedule in which responding in the presence of the tone-light compound produced a terminal link signaled by the absence of the compound; responding ceased in the terminal link because it delayed food delivery. In a test session to assess stimulus control by the elements of the compound, tone and light were presented separately under extinction conditions. Rats that had been exposed to a positive correlation between food and the compound emitted almost double the responses in the presence of the light as in the presence of the tone. In comparison, rats that had been exposed to a negative correlation emitted only two thirds as many responses in the presence of the light as in the presence of the tone. Because this selective association was produced using only food, it appears that the contingencies under which a reinforcer is presented, rather than (or as well as) its physical properties, can generate the selective associations previously attributed to “stimulus-reinforcer interactions.” This could mean that regardless of the class of reinforcer that ultimately maintains responding (appetitive or aversive), the contingency-generated hedonic value of the compound stimulus may influence the dominant modality of stimulus control. 相似文献
46.
Stephanie Milan Trace S. Kershaw Jessica Lewis Claire Westdahl Sharon Schindler Rising Mary Patrikios Jeannette R. Ickovics 《Psychology of women quarterly》2007,31(3):241-251
Prenatal depressive symptoms have been linked to negative outcomes for mothers and children. Using attachment theory as a framework, this study examined developmental differences in the interpersonal context of prenatal depressive symptoms among adolescents (age 14 to 19 years; n = 352) and young adults (age 20 to 24 years; n = 348). Participants included low-income, single, predominantly African American and Latina women. Moderating and mediating factors were found in the relation between caregiving history (perceived unavailability and inconsistency of maternal and paternal figures during childhood) and depressive symptoms. For pregnant adolescents, maternal unavailability predicted depressive symptoms whereas maternal inconsistency did not. In contrast, for pregnant young women, only maternal inconsistency predicted depressive symptoms; and this association was mediated by perceptions of prenatal support. For both groups, paternal caregiving history had a small yet independent association with depressive symptoms. Results highlight the need to consider developmental differences in the interpersonal context of prenatal depressive symptoms in delivering mental health interventions to young women of color. 相似文献
47.
Neurophysiological observations suggest that attending to a particular perceptual dimension, such as location or shape, engages dimension-related action, such as reaching and prehension networks. Here we reversed the perspective and hypothesized that activating action systems may prime the processing of stimuli defined on perceptual dimensions related to these actions. Subjects prepared for a reaching or grasping action and, before carrying it out, were presented with location- or size-defined stimulus events. As predicted, performance on the stimulus event varied with action preparation: planning a reaching action facilitated detecting deviants in location sequences whereas planning a grasping action facilitated detecting deviants in size sequences. These findings support the theory of event coding, which claims that perceptual codes and action plans share a common representational medium, which presumably involves the human premotor cortex. 相似文献
48.
Understanding the Dark Side of Costly Punishment: The Impact of Individual Differences in Everyday Sadism and Existential Threat
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In public goods situations, a specific destructive behaviour reliably emerges when individuals face the possibility of costly punishing others: antisocial punishment, that is, costly punishing cooperative individuals. So far, however, little is known about the individual differences and situational factors that are associated with the dark side of costly punishment. This research deals with this shortcoming. We argue that antisocial punishment reflects the basic characteristics of sadism, namely, aggressive behaviour to dominate and to harm other individuals. We further argue that antisocial punishment may reflect a type of behaviour that allows for the maintenance of self‐esteem (through aggressively dominating others). Therefore, we expect that individuals who report a disposition for everyday sadism are particularly likely to engage in antisocial punishment when their self has been threatened (by thinking about one's own death). In a study (N = 99), we found empirical support for this assumption. The present research contributes to a better understanding of antisocial punishment and suggests that sadistic tendencies play a crucial role, especially when the self is (existentially) threatened. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
49.
Ines Testoni Enrico Facco Federico Perelda 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2017,73(7):442-456
In contemporary Western culture, death has been widely censured because of its conceptual implications; it lies at the boundaries between reductionism and metaphysics. There is not yet an efficacious epistemology able to solve this contraposition and its consequent collision with science and tradition. This article analyzes Near Death Experiences (NDEs) as a prototypical argument in which the two perspectives conflict. Specifically, it analyzes the epistemological antinomies of the ontological representations of death, inhering in passage versus absolute annihilation. Indeed, the NDEs theme permits the examination of the logical contradiction between monistic reductionism and its ontological counterpart to improve the discovery of a new paradigm that integrates the ecological with eternalist views. 相似文献
50.
Mattis Geiger Stefan Pfattheicher Johanna Hartung Selina Weiss Simon Schindler Oliver Wilhelm 《欧洲人格杂志》2018,32(4):393-404
In this paper, we respond to comments by Neff et al. (2018) made about our finding that the negative dimensions of self‐compassion were redundant with facets of neuroticism (rs ≥ 0.85; Pfattheicher et al., 2017) and not incrementally valid. We first provide epistemological guidance for establishing psychological constructs, namely, three hurdles that new constructs must pass: theoretically and empirically sound measurement, discriminant validity, and incremental validity—and then apply these guidelines to the self‐compassion scale. We then outline that the critique of Neff et al. (2018) is contestable. We question their decisions concerning data‐analytic methods that help them to circumvent instead of passing the outlined hurdles. In a reanalysis of the data provided by Neff et al. (2018), we point to several conceptual and psychometric problems and conclude that self‐compassion does not overcome the outlined hurdles. Instead, we show that our initial critique of the self‐compassion scale holds and that its dimensions are best considered facets of neuroticism. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献