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排序方式: 共有211条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
Angelica V. Hagsand Emma Roos af Hjelmsäter Pär Anders Granhag Claudia Fahlke Anna Söderpalm Gordh 《Memory (Hove, England)》2017,25(4):531-543
Intoxicated eyewitnesses are often discredited by investigators and in court, but few studies have examined how alcohol affects witnesses’ memory. The primary aim of the present study was to examine how intoxication (alcohol vs. control), retention interval (immediate vs. one week delay), and number of interviews (one vs. two interviews) affect witnesses’ memory. The participants (N?=?99) were randomly assigned to consume either orange juice or alcohol mixed with orange juice, and they all witnessed a filmed mock crime afterwards. The recall took place either (a) immediately and after a one week delay or (b) after a one week delay only. No main effect of alcohol was found on the quantity or quality of the witnesses’ statements. Both intoxicated and sober witnesses recalled more details, and were more accurate, during immediate compared to delayed recall. For witnesses interviewed twice, an average of 30% new details were provided in the second compared to the first interview, and these were highly accurate. In sum, contrary to what one can expect, intoxicated witnesses with a low to moderate blood alcohol concentration (below 0.10%) were reliable witnesses. 相似文献
82.
Schröter H Fiedler A Miller J Ulrich R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2011,37(5):1361-1368
In a simple reaction time (RT) experiment, visual stimuli were stereoscopically presented either to one eye (single stimulation) or to both eyes (redundant stimulation), with brightness matched for single and redundant stimulations. Redundant stimulation resulted in two separate percepts when noncorresponding retinal areas were stimulated, whereas it resulted in a single fused percept when corresponding areas were stimulated. With stimulation of noncorresponding areas, mean RT was shorter to redundant than to single stimulation, replicating the redundant signals effect (RSE) commonly found with visual stimuli. With stimulation of corresponding areas, however, no RSE was observed. This suggests that the RSE is driven by the number of percepts rather than by the number of stimulated receptors or sensory organs. These results are consistent with previous findings in the auditory modality and have implications for models of the RSE. 相似文献
83.
Wieser MJ Pauli P Grosseibl M Molzow I Mühlberger A 《Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking》2010,13(5):547-554
In social interactions, interpersonal distance between interaction partners plays an important role in determining the status of the relationship. Interpersonal distance is an important nonverbal behavior, and is used to regulate personal space in a complex interplay with other nonverbal behaviors such as eye gaze. In social anxiety, studies regarding the impact of interpersonal distance on within-situation avoidance behavior are so far rare. Thus the present study aimed to scrutinize the relationship between gaze direction, sex, interpersonal distance, and social anxiety in social interactions. Social interactions were modeled in a virtual-reality (VR) environment, where 20 low and 19 high socially anxious women were confronted with approaching male and female characters, who stopped in front of the participant, either some distance away or close to them, and displayed either a direct or an averted gaze. Gaze and head movements, as well as heart rate, were measured as indices of avoidance behavior and fear reactions. High socially anxious participants showed a complex pattern of avoidance behavior: when the avatar was standing farther away, high socially anxious women avoided gaze contact with male avatars showing a direct gaze. Furthermore, they showed avoidance behavior (backward head movements) in response to male avatars showing a direct gaze, regardless of the interpersonal distance. Overall, the current study proved that VR social interactions might be a very useful tool for investigating avoidance behavior of socially anxious individuals in highly controlled situations. This might also be the first step in using VR social interactions in clinical protocols for the therapy of social anxiety disorder. 相似文献
84.
Erhan Genç Caroline Schlüter Patrick Friedrich Manuel C. Voelkle Rüdiger Hossiep Onur Güntürkün 《欧洲人格杂志》2019,33(5):589-605
Cognitive performance varies widely between individuals and is highly influenced by structural and functional properties of the brain. In the past, neuroscientific research was principally concerned with fluid intelligence, while neglecting its equally important counterpart crystallized intelligence. Crystallized intelligence is defined as the depth and breadth of knowledge and skills that are valued by one's culture. The accumulation of crystallized intelligence is guided by information storage capacities and is likely to be reflected in an individual's level of general knowledge. In spite of the significant role general knowledge plays for everyday life, its neural foundation largely remains unknown. In a large sample of 324 healthy individuals, we used standard magnetic resonance imaging along with functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to examine different estimates of brain volume and brain network connectivity and assessed their predictive power with regard to both general knowledge and fluid intelligence. Our results demonstrate that an individual's level of general knowledge is associated with structural brain network connectivity beyond any confounding effects exerted by age or sex. Moreover, we found fluid intelligence to be best predicted by cortex volume in male subjects and functional network connectivity in female subjects. Combined, these findings potentially indicate different neural architectures for information storage and information processing. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
85.
Fredrik Santoft Sigrid Salomonsson Hugo Hesser Elin Lindsäter Brjánn Ljótsson Mats Lekander Göran Kecklund Lars-Göran Öst Erik Hedman-Lagerlöf 《Behavior Therapy》2019,50(3):475-488
Evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for stress-related illness is growing, but little is known about its mechanisms of change. The aim of this study was to investigate potential mediators of CBT for severe stress in form of clinical burnout, using an active psychological treatment as comparator. We used linear mixed models to analyze data from patients (N = 82) with clinical burnout who received either CBT or another psychological treatment in a randomized controlled trial. Potential mediators (i.e., sleep quality, behavioral activation, perceived competence, and therapeutic alliance) and outcome (i.e., symptoms of burnout) were assessed weekly during treatment. The results showed that the positive treatment effects on symptoms of burnout favoring CBT (estimated between-group d = 0.93) were mediated by improvements in sleep quality, ab = -0.017, 95% CIasymmetric [-0.037, -0.002], and increase in perceived competence, ab = -0.037, 95% CIasymmetric [-0.070, -0.010]. Behavioral activation, ab = -0.004 [-0.016, 0.007], and therapeutic alliance, ab = 0.002 [-0.006, 0.011], did not significantly mediate the difference in effects between the treatments. Improving sleep quality and increasing perceived competence may thus constitute important process goals in order to attain symptom reduction in CBT for clinical burnout. 相似文献
86.
Marc J. M. H. Delsing Tom F. M. ter Bogt Rutger C. M. E. Engels Wim H. J. Meeus 《欧洲人格杂志》2008,22(2):109-130
The present paper examined the structure of Dutch adolescents' music preferences, the stability of music preferences and the relations between Big‐Five personality characteristics and (changes in) music preferences. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of music‐preference data from 2334 adolescents aged 12–19 revealed four clearly interpretable music‐preference dimensions: Rock, Elite, Urban and Pop/Dance. One thousand and forty‐four randomly selected adolescents from the original sample filled out questionnaires on music preferences and personality at three follow‐up measurements. In addition to being relatively stable over 1, 2 and 3‐year intervals, music preferences were found to be consistently related to personality characteristics, generally confirming prior research in the United States. Personality characteristics were also found to predict changes in music preferences over a 3‐year interval. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
87.
Péter Szirák 《Studies in East European Thought》2008,60(1-2):135-147
István Hajnal is one of the most remarkable historians and a forerunner of research on the history of communication. He developed his radical theories on the connections between writing as a technique and social structure mainly in the first half of the twentieth century. He emphasized, in a unique way, the importance of technology for social development arguing that the transformation of social structures and the individual within stand in a mutual and interdependent relation with various technological systems. While doing so he reconsidered Max Weber’s concepts of traditionalism and rationalism from a so to speak Heideggerian angle. 相似文献
88.
The aim of the present study was to identify factors that are related to the traumatic symptoms and problem behavior among adolescents who experienced the New Years fire in 2001 in Volendam, The Netherlands. Three groups of factors were considered: pre-trauma (personality and coping), trauma-related (physical and emotional proximity to disaster), and post-trauma factors (received social support). Forty-five adolescents completed the questionnaire. Two years after the disaster, these adolescents experienced significant traumatic stress reaction (70% within the clinical range) and showed clinically significant levels of internalizing problems (37%). Pre-trauma, individual factors were identified as the most important predictors of distress, followed by received social support. The indicators of physical and emotional proximity to disaster explained little variance in distress. 相似文献
89.
Dogs can learn effectively to detour around a V-shaped fence after observing a demonstration from either an unfamiliar human
or dog demonstrator. We found earlier that there is substantial individual variation between the dogs’ performance, even when
using the same experimental conditions. Here, we investigate if the subjects’ relative dominance rank with other dogs had
an effect on their social learning performance. On the basis of the owners’ answers to a questionnaire, subjects from multi-dog
homes were sorted into groups of dominant and subordinate dogs. In Experiment 1, dominant and subordinate dogs were tested
without demonstration and we did not find any difference between the groups—they had similarly low detour performances on
their own. In Experiment 2 and 3, dogs from single dog and multi-dog households were tested in the detour task with demonstration
by an unfamiliar dog, or human, respectively. The results showed that social learning performance of the single dogs fell
between the dominant and subordinate multi-dogs with both dog and human demonstration. Subordinate dogs displayed significantly
better performance after having observed a dog demonstrator in comparison to dominant dogs. In contrast, the performance of
dominant and subordinate dogs was almost similar, when they observed a human demonstrator. These results suggest that perceived
dominance rank in its own group has a strong effect on social learning in dogs, but this effect seems to depend also on the
demonstrator species. This finding reveals an intricate organization of the social structure in multi-dog households, which
can contribute to individual differences existing among dogs. 相似文献
90.
Matthew Mulford Jonathan Jackson Henrik Svedsäter 《Journal of applied social psychology》2008,38(12):2964-2989
Pre‐play discussion consistently increases cooperation in dilemma interactions. Most explanations of this “cheap‐talk” effect are based on either commitment or group solidarity effects. Because discussion about the upcoming dilemma allows participants to make promises and creates group solidarity, the 2 explanations are often confounded. This paper aims to clarify past results by having participants engage in an unrelated discussion prior to a dilemma interaction. We find that solidarity effects can be induced by minimal group categorizations, but are relatively weak. Discussions involving consequential but unrelated coordination tasks are shown to prime cooperative norms and increase cooperation with both in‐group and out‐group members. Our findings suggest that cheap talk may work for even cheaper reasons than previously thought. 相似文献