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161.
This study examined the disruption of cognitive performance by ecologically valid, office and school like settings with warm‐ or cool‐white lighting and silence or meaningful, irrelevant, conversational speech, and whether any such susceptibility was attributable to the changes in affective states. The study aims to address the lack of data on combined impact of noise and light on humans in previous research and to complement findings of irrelevant sound effect in list memory studies. No interactions between noise and light were shown, but there were main effects of noise and light on long‐term memory recall and of noise on self‐reported affect. Cool‐white compared to warm‐white lighting impaired the long‐term memory recall of a novel text. Learning from this text was, in addition, disrupted by meaningful, irrelevant, conversational speech: an impact that was not mediated by affect. The obtained noise effect suggests that the meaning in irrelevant sound was processed, to some extent, semantically by the subjects, which disrupted their performance in a cognitive task that also involved processing of meaning. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
162.
In this article, we reflect on the use of formal methods in the philosophy of science. These are taken to comprise not just
methods from logic broadly conceived, but also from other formal disciplines such as probability theory, game theory, and
graph theory. We explain how formal modelling in the philosophy of science can shed light on difficult problems in this domain. 相似文献
163.
Igor Douven 《Synthese》2008,164(1):19-44
According to so-called epistemic theories of conditionals, the assertability/acceptability/acceptance of a conditional requires
the existence of an epistemically significant relation between the conditional’s antecedent and its consequent. This paper
points to some linguistic data that our current best theories of the foregoing type appear unable to explain. Further, it
presents a new theory of the same type that does not have that shortcoming. The theory is then defended against some seemingly
obvious objections. 相似文献
164.
Igor Douven 《Synthese》2009,168(1):23-52
External world skeptics are typically opposed to admitting as evidence anything that goes beyond the purely phenomenal, and
equally typically, they disown the use of rules of inference that might enable one to move from premises about the phenomenal
alone to a conclusion about the external world. This seems to bar any a posteriori resolution of the skepticism debate. This
paper argues that the situation is not quite so hopeless, and that an a posteriori resolution of the debate becomes possible
once it is recognized that the skeptic holds overly defensive and ill-motivated positions vis-à-vis both evidence and inference,
and that more reasonable ones are available. In stating these more reasonable positions, as well as in showing how they make
possible an a posteriori resolution of the skepticism debate, the paper draws on the machinery of Bayesian epistemology. 相似文献
165.
Igor Dolgov David A. Birchfield Michael K. McBeath Harvey Thornburg Christopher G. Todd 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(3):523-529
Recent research confirms that observers’ judgments of projected final destinations of axis—trajectory misaligned moving figures are biased in the direction of primary axis deviation from trajectory, a phenomenon we named the axis-aligned motion (AAM) bias. The present study tests whether this bias occurs in a large, immersive mixed-reality environment that enables active (mobile) responses in making judgments of shapes’ destinations. Like Morikawa (1999), we found that accuracy depended on axis—trajectory alignment and that there was a correspondence between final destination judgment error and the direction of axial deviation from the trajectory. Extending prior work, we found that comobile judgments were significantly more accurate than stationary ones for symmetric moving shapes, regardless of axial deviation, but only marginally so for asymmetric shapes. We conclude that our findings are ecologically consistent and that AAM is a natural regularity for which people have acquired a complementary perceptual—cognitive attunement: the AAM bias. 相似文献
166.
Igor Juricevic John M. Kennedy Izabella Abramov 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(2):217-224
Observers were shown wide-angle pictures of tiles on a ground plane and were asked about the aspect ratios of the tiles. The observers viewed the pictures from a fixed center of projection. Some of the tiles were in a path coming straight toward the observer. In one picture, the path came from the center of the picture, and in two others the path came from the left side of the picture (one from 30° and one from 45° to the left of the center, from the observer’s point of view). The apparent aspect ratios were a function of the elevations of the tiles and the ratios of visual angles of the sides of the tiles. Judgments were identical for all three paths. The local slant of the picture surface was not a significant factor. 相似文献
167.
168.
The taxonomy of a circumplex model has been widely applied in the emotion domain and especially by researchers advocating a systematic arrangement of conscious emotional experience (see Fabrigar, Visser & Browne, 1997; Feldman Barett & Russell, 1999 for recent reviews). To rule out some of the lexical problems in the naming of affective states in the circumplex space, Larsen and Diener (1992) suggested a labeling system with forty-eight English adjectives representing eight affective states. The objective of the present study was to examine how well Swedish adjectives map onto a dimensional model of this kind, in doing so, to compose a Swedish measure for self-reported affect. The forty-eight Swedish adjectives translated from Larsen and Diener (1992) failed to capture a pure circumplex structure. However, when approximately two thirds of these adjectives were reanalyzed, a reasonable consistency with the circumplex model was reached. This suggested a composite Swedish measure for self-rated affect, with up to four adjectives representing each of the eight affective states in the circumplex space. 相似文献
169.
Mortality salience effects on reckless driving intentions in a motorcyclist sample: The moderating role of group riding 下载免费PDF全文
Campaigns against reckless driving often mention the risk of dying. Research on terror management theory indicates that death claims may backfire and foster reckless driving. Here, we studied such mortality salience effects in a motorcyclist sample. Two moderating variables, particularly interesting regarding the sample of motorcyclists, were considered: group riding (vs. riding alone) and driving‐related self‐esteem. Motorcyclists were exposed to a campaign, either highlighting mortality or not. Orthogonally, cyclists were primed with riding in a group (vs. riding alone). Driving‐related self‐esteem was assessed via a questionnaire. We predicted that reminders of riding in a group would buffer against ironic mortality effects. Supporting this hypothesis, mortality salience effects interacted with the group prime. The results indicate that death appeals are likely to backfire with cyclists riding alone rather than cyclists riding in a group, especially if motorcycling is relevant to the self. 相似文献
170.