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42.
A number of people have suggested that there is a link between information integration and consciousness, and a number of algorithms for calculating information integration have been put forward. The most recent of these is Balduzzi and Tononi’s state-based Φ algorithm, which has factorial dependencies that severely limit the number of neurons that can be analyzed. To address this issue an alternative state-based measure known as liveliness has been developed, which uses the causal relationships between neurons to identify the areas of maximum information integration. This paper outlines the state-based Φ and liveliness algorithms and sets out a number of test networks that were used to compare their accuracy and performance. The results show that liveliness is a reasonable approximation to state-based Φ for some network topologies, and it has a much more scalable performance than state-based Φ. 相似文献
43.
This study examines the efficacy of a short-term individual therapy, Manual Assisted Cognitive Treatment (MACT), which was developed to treat parasuicidal (suicidal or self-harming) patients. In this trial, MACT was modified to focus on deliberate self-harm (DSH) in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Thirty BPD patients who were engaged in DSH while in ongoing treatments, i.e., treatment-as-usual (TAU), were randomly assigned to receive MACT (N = 15) or not. DSH and level of suicide ideation were assessed at the baseline, at completion of the MACT intervention, and six months later. Results indicated that MACT was associated with significantly less frequent DSH upon completion of the intervention and with significantly decreased DSH frequency and severity at the six months follow-up. Moreover, MACT's contribution to reducing DSH frequency and severity was greater than the contribution by the amount of concurrent treatments. In contrast, MACT did not affect the level of suicide ideation and time-to-repeat of DSH. In conclusion, MACT seems to be a promising intervention for DSH in patients with BPD. More definitive studies are needed. 相似文献
44.
The authors present the historical analysis of one of the central questions in psychology: how and why the nonautomatic, psychological level of regulation (in contrast to automatic physiological processes) emerges both in evolution and in everyday context of activity. They discuss several approaches (by Lipps, Groos, Stern, James, Dewey, Claparède, Pavlov, and Leontiev) that culminated in the system of ideas developed by Galperin, one of the key figures in the cultural -historical activity theory. The authors analyze the relation of Galperin's ideas to Vygotsky's theoretical framework and then focus on Galperin's account of the origin and functions of mental activity. Galperin's contribution is highly relevant for understanding the role of psychological regulation and for contemporary research on cognition, consciousness, and conscious awareness. 相似文献
45.
According to Putnam the reference of natural kind terms is fixed by the world, at least partly; whether two things belong
to the same kind depends on whether they obey the same objective laws. We show that Putnam's criterion of substance identity
only “works” if we read “objective laws” as “OBJECTIVE LAWS”. Moreover, at least some of the laws of some of the special sciences
have to be included. But what we consider to be good special sciences and what not depends upon our values. Hence, “objective
laws” cannot be read as “OBJECTIVE LAWS”. It follows that the reference of natural kind terms cannot be fixed by the world,
not even partly. The final conclusion applies to a variety of realisms.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
46.
Earman (1993) distinguishes three notions of empirical indistinguishability and offers a rigorous framework to investigate
how each of these notions relates to the problem of underdetermination of theory choice. He uses some of the results obtained
in this framework to argue for a version of scientific anti- realism. In the present paper we first criticize Earman's arguments
for that position. Secondly, we propose and motivate a modification of Earman's framework and establish several results concerning
some of the notions of indistinguishability in this modified framework. Finally, we interpret these results in the light of
the realism/anti- realism debate.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
47.
Igor Douven 《The Philosophical quarterly》2000,50(200):371-375
Typically, anti-realists argue for the underdetermination of theory by the data (UD) on the basis of the claim that each theory has empirically equivalent rivals (EE). Leplin has recently sought to show that, whatever the truth-value of this latter claim, it cannot play any positive role in an argument for underdetermination. I argue that Leplin's attempt fails. 相似文献
48.
Scott JC Woods SP Matt GE Meyer RA Heaton RK Atkinson JH Grant I 《Neuropsychology review》2007,17(3):275-297
This review provides a critical analysis of the central nervous system effects of acute and chronic methamphetamine (MA) use,
which is linked to numerous adverse psychosocial, neuropsychiatric, and medical problems. A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological
effects of MA abuse/dependence revealed broadly medium effect sizes, showing deficits in episodic memory, executive functions,
information processing speed, motor skills, language, and visuoconstructional abilities. The neuropsychological deficits associated
with MA abuse/dependence are interpreted with regard to their possible neural mechanisms, most notably MA-associated frontostriatal
neurotoxicity. In addition, potential explanatory factors are considered, including demographics (e.g., gender), MA use characteristics
(e.g., duration of abstinence), and the influence of common psychiatric (e.g., other substance-related disorders) and neuromedical
(e.g., HIV infection) comorbidities. Finally, these findings are discussed with respect to their potential contribution to
the clinical management of persons with MA abuse/dependence. 相似文献
49.
Depression and distress predict time to cardiovascular disease in dementia caregivers. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Brent T Mausbach Thomas L Patterson Yaron G Rabinowitz Igor Grant Richard Schulz 《Health psychology》2007,26(5):539-544
OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the impact of depressive symptoms and distress from patient problem behaviors on time to developing a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a sample of 643 dementia family caregivers. DESIGN: A longitudinal, prospective design was used. Over an 18-month period, caregivers free from a CVD diagnosis at baseline were assessed at 6, 12, and 18-month follow-ups for the onset of CVD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Days to the onset of CVD was the primary outcome. RESULTS: Over the length of the study, 32 participants (5%) reported a diagnosis of CVD. After adjusting for sociodemographic and health factors (e.g., high blood pressure, age, smoking history), greater depressive symptoms (p = .040) and distress from patient problem behaviors (p = .034) were significant predictors of time to CVD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that increased depressive symptoms and reaction to patient problem behaviors (i.e., distress) may increase caregivers' risk for experiencing negative health outcomes, specifically CVD. 相似文献
50.
Eranda Jayawickreme Frank J. Infurna Kinan Alajak Laura E. R. Blackie William J. Chopik Joanne M. Chung Anna Dorfman William Fleeson Marie J. C. Forgeard Patricia Frazier R. Michael Furr Igor Grossmann Aaron S. Heller Odilia M. Laceulle Richard E. Lucas Maike Luhmann Gloria Luong Laurien Meijer Kate C. McLean Crystal L. Park Ann Marie Roepke Zeina al Sawaf Howard Tennen Rebecca M. B. White Renée Zonneveld 《Journal of personality》2021,89(1):145-165