情感性动机网络使用者对负性情绪线索的前注意偏向

采用修改后的分离式Stroop任务,通过两个实验考察了基于人际情感性动机的网络使用者在双线索竞争条件下的前注意加工特性。研究结果表明,相对于信息获取型被试,在中性线索与负性情绪线索匹配条件下,人际情感型被试对负性情绪线索表现出显著的前注意加工偏向,但在中性线索和情感满足线索匹配条件下,该类被试对情感满足线索未表现出前注意加工偏向。该研究为解释人际情感型动机者的病理性网络使用行为的情绪机制提供了实验证据。     

驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响及作用机制

驾驶中, 有效的视觉注意模式是驾驶员搜索与识别潜在道路危险的先决条件。通过分析驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响, 提出情境意识假设与心理负荷假设。情境意识假设认为, 情境意识的质量决定了驾驶员视觉注意模式的灵活性, 进而影响危险识别。心理负荷假设认为, 心理负荷水平提高, 驾驶员视觉注意趋于集中, 不利于危险识别。建议未来研究可以在比较不同驾驶员情境意识的认知兼容性, 应用汽车驾驶自动化技术降低心理负荷以及检测并区分情境意识与心理负荷的影响等方面加以深入。     

孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力及情绪表情注意方式

研究探讨了孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力及情绪表情注意方式的特点。各选取15名孤独症儿童以及作为对照组的智力障碍儿童和普通儿童各15名, 完成情绪共情实验, 同时使用生物反馈仪记录自主生理反应, 眼动仪记录眼动轨迹。结果发现孤独症儿童对情绪表情的自动模仿及感知能力显著低于智力障碍儿童与普通儿童; 对面孔的总注视时间、总注视点数均显著少于智力障碍儿童、普通儿童; 对眼部、嘴部的注视时间比及注视点数比均显著低于普通儿童; 对高兴和悲伤表情的注意较多而对恐惧则较少。这提示孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力不足、对情绪表情的注意方式异常。     

边界弹性与工作-家庭冲突、增益的关系：基于人?环境匹配的视角

本研究从人?环境匹配理论的视角探讨工作和家庭边界弹性能力和边界弹性意愿对个体工作?家庭冲突和工作?家庭增益的交互影响。通过问卷法共获得494份有效数据, 基于多项式回归分析和反应曲面分析的结果表明：工作弹性能力与工作弹性意愿的匹配对工作→家庭冲突有显著的负向效应, 对工作→家庭增益无显著影响; 家庭弹性能力与家庭弹性意愿的匹配对家庭→工作冲突、家庭→工作增益有显著的负向效应。     

服务学习促进大学生批判性思维的干预研究

采用准实验设计教学干预,将75名心理学专业本科生分为实验组(n=54)和对照组(n=21),实验组进行为期10周的结构化服务学习活动(每周2小时),对照组给予匹配任务(文献阅读和翻译总结)。采用反思日志中的开放性问题和非服务学习领域的结构不良情景问题为测验材料,利用自编的问题解决中的批判性思维表现编码表,对服务学习活动前后和过程中相关材料进行编码,探讨服务学习中服务组学生批判性思维的变化及其在非服务学习领域结构不良问题解决中的迁移效果。结果表明服务学习对大学生的批判性思维表现具有显著促进作用,主要体现在方案改进维度上,这种促进作用可以迁移到非服务学习领域问题解决的批判性思维表现中。     

怀旧的触发、研究范式及测量

怀旧指的是个体怀念过去的事物、人物、地方甚至经历或感受。它大多与美好的记忆联系在一起, 并会带来积极的情绪体验, 但同时可能也会引起消极的情绪体验。怀旧对维持个体身心健康有一定的积极效用。本文着重介绍了怀旧的触发因素包括客观刺激的视觉、嗅觉、听觉及主观刺激的消极情绪与低温知觉, 分析了其研究范式有质化研究(内容分析与扎根理论)、量化研究(问卷调查与经验取样法)和实验研究(单因素随机实验设计与多因素实验设计), 并介绍了其相关的测量工具。未来研究要加强主动怀旧与被动怀旧、积极怀旧与消极怀旧的探讨; 整合各种研究范式与强化纵向的追踪研究; 以及要区分特质型怀旧与状态型怀旧。     

The effect of the validity of co‐occurrence on automatic and deliberate evaluations

Co‐occurrence of an object and affective stimuli does not always mean that the object and the stimuli are the same valence (e.g., false accusations that Richard is a crook). Contemporary theory posits that information about the (in)validity of co‐occurrence has stronger influence on deliberate than automatic evaluation. However, available evidence supports that hypothesis only when the (in)validity information is delayed. Further, the existing evidence is open to alternative methodological accounts. In six high‐powered experiments (total N = 1750), we modified previous procedures to minimize alternative explanations and examine whether delayed (in)validity information has a discrepant effect on automatic versus deliberate evaluation. Casting doubt on the generality of the hypothesis, we found more sensitivity of deliberate than automatic evaluation to delayed validity information only when automatic evaluation was measured with the Implicit Association Test and not with the evaluative priming task or the affective misattribution procedure.     

Working Memory in the Processing of Long-Distance Dependencies: Interference and Filler Maintenance

During the temporal delay between the filler and gap sites in long-distance dependencies, the “active filler” strategy can be implemented in two ways: the filler phrase can be actively maintained in working memory (“maintenance account”), or it can be retrieved only when the parser posits a gap (“retrieval account”). The current study tested whether filler content is maintained during the processing of dependencies. Using a self-paced reading paradigm, we compared reading times on a noun phrase (NP) between the filler and gap sites in object relative clauses, to reading times on an NP between the antecedent and ellipsis sites in ellipsis sentences. While in the former type of dependency a filler by hypothesis can be maintained, in the latter there is no indication for the existence of a dependency prior to the ellipsis site, and hence no maintenance. By varying the amount of similarity-based interference between the antecedent and integration sites, we tested the influence of holding an unresolved dependency on reading times. Significantly increased reading times due to interference were found only in the object relative condition, and not in the ellipsis condition, demonstrating filler maintenance costs. The fact that these costs were measured as an effect on similarity-based interference indicates that the maintained representation of the filler must include at least some of the features shared by the interfering NP.     

Explaining the Inexplicable: Differences in Attributions for the Holocaust in Germany,Israel, and Poland

Seventy years have passed since the Holocaust, but this cataclysmic event continues to reverberate in the present. In this research, we examine attributions about the causes of the Holocaust and the influence of such attributions on intergroup relations. Three representative surveys were conducted among Germans, Poles, and Israeli Jews to examine inter‐ and intragroup variations in attributions for the Holocaust and how these attributions influence intergroup attitudes. Results indicated that Germans made more external than internal attributions and were especially low in attributing an evil essence to their ancestors. Israelis and Poles mainly endorsed the obedient essence attribution and were lowest on attribution to coercion. These attributions, however, were related to attitudes towards contemporary Germany primarily among Israeli Jews. The more they endorsed situationist explanations, and the less they endorsed the evil essence explanation, the more positive their attitude to Germany. Among Germans, attributions were related to a higher motivation for historical closure, except for the obedience attribution that was related to low desire for closure. Israelis exhibited a low desire for historical closure especially when attribution for evil essence was high. These findings suggest that lay perceptions of history are essential to understanding contemporary intergroup processes.     

家庭支持型主管行为与双职工夫妻的婚姻满意感:一个积极溢出-交叉模型

为了揭示家庭支持型主管行为(FSSB)对双职工夫妻双方婚姻满意感的影响及作用机制,本研究结合资源-获取-发展观和基于关系支持的积极发展模型,从夫妻互动(相互支持)的角度构建了一个积极溢出-交叉模型。运用结构方程模型对370对双职工夫妻配对数据进行分析,结果表明:(1)FSSB与我国双职工夫妻双方的婚姻满意感均正相关;(2)FSSB可通过增加员工的工作-家庭增益促进员工夫妻间相互支持的互惠效应,进而提升员工夫妻双方的婚姻满意感;(3)夫妻双方所获得的FSSB均可通过促进丈夫的婚姻满意感进而提升妻子的婚姻满意感。本研究提示,增加FSSB能有效促进双职工夫妻间的相互支持、提升夫妻双方的婚姻满意感。