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21.
During linear translation through a stationary environment, the pattern of optical flow generated on each retina is symmetrical when the head is aligned with the heading, but during lateral gaze the optical flow is asymmetric. We assessed whether human subjects could use the magnitude of this asymmetry to determine the direction of heading during passive translation through a 3-D environment. When allowed to move their heads in order to look in the direction of self-motion, subjects indicated their heading precisely and accurately. When the head was locked in alignment with the misaligned body, and gaze adjustments were not allowed, responses were quite precise, but showed a large bias which increased with increasing heading angle. 相似文献
22.
A series of experiments investigated concurrent discriminations of surface and nonsurface attributes, including color, brightness, texture, length, location, and motion. In all cases but one, results matched those previously reported: Interference occurred when two discriminations concerned different objects, but not when they concerned the same one. In the two-object case, interference was the same whether discriminations were similar (e.g., two surface discriminations) or different (e.g., one surface, one boundary). Such results support a model of visual attention in which separate visual subsystems are coordinated, converging to work on surface and boundary properties of the same selected object. A partial exception is color: For reasons that are unclear, color escapes twoobject interference except from other, concurrent surface discriminations 相似文献
23.
This study was designed to provide a detailed analysis of the parameters which interact to produce a field hockey drive. The drive was performed by an elite performer under two conditions of uncertainty (Blocked and Random). The subject was asked to drive a field hockey ball toward a specified target. In the Blocked condition the speed of the approaching ball remained constant (20, 30 and 40 m.p.h.) while in the Random condition these speeds were randomly assigned to each trial. Cine analysis of the subject's successful responses under the two experimental conditions led to an investigation of the kinematics, phasing, and timing of the stroke. The subject placed emphasis upon varying the initial phases of the stroke (i.e., backswing and preparatory phases) in order to produce a temporally consistent ballistic downswing to ball contact. It seemed likely that the subject appraised the ball speed that was being delivered and then incorporated additional stick movement to ‘mark time’ before initiating temporally consistent movement phases, as spatial uncertainty increased, the subject delayed her response initiation, but then tended to respond in intervals of one reaction time for each stroke phase. Consistency was evident for displacement and initiation point values, but to a lesser extent than existed for the other variables. However, as a result of this adjustment in spatial location and displacement of the stick end during the preliminary phases of the response, the subject was able to produce a consistent and accurate ballistic downswing. 相似文献
24.
Ian Begg 《Memory & cognition》1978,6(5):509-517
The paper reports four experiments concerned with memory for sets of categorically related or unrelated nouns, as a function of the extent to which initial processing focused on categorical or distinctive features of the nouns. The general finding is that distinctive features are valuable for later intracategory discrimination in recall and recognition, but categorical features are not, as judged by cued recall, recognition, measures of association between items, and categorical intrusion errors. A theoretical framework, based on the diagnostic value of features for various classifications, is offered as an account of the results. 相似文献
25.
Problem-oriented training promotes spontaneous analogical transfer: Memory-oriented training promotes memory for training 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Spontaneous analogical transfer is the use of information from one problem to solve another problem, without an explicit hint to use the previous information. The results of five experiments were that if subjects tried to solve a training problem before hearing its solution, or tried to explain a training story's solution before hearing the correct explanation, spontaneous transfer was more likely than it was if subjects had studied the same training passage for memory before hearing its solution or explanation. The advantage of problem-oriented processing over memory-oriented processing occurred even though solution attempts nearly always failed, and the advantage was not reduced if the target problem was tested 15 min later rather than immediately after training. We propose that problem-oriented processes performed at study are appropriate processes to use at test. Further support for the account comes from subjects' memory for the training passages; the advantage for problem-oriented processing on solution tasks was mirrored by an equally substantial advantage for the memory-oriented subjects on a recall task. 相似文献
26.
Two response measures that described the consistency and accuracy of motor performance were investigated. A pursuit tracking task was used as the vehicle whereby changes in perceptual motor performance could be monitored over several learning trials. The intra-individual variability of a subject's tracking response was compared to the root mean squared error that was accumulated during each block of trials. Whereas both response measures were sensitive to the changes in performance that occured as a result of practice, neither could be considered sufficiently informative as to be used as a sole indicator of skill acquisition. It appears that both consistency and error measures are needed to describe the subjects' performance as they acquire a perceptual motor skill. 相似文献
27.
Ian D. McMahan 《Sex roles》1982,8(9):949-958
College subjects undertook nine cognitive tasks with different perceived sex linkages, stating their expectancy of success prior to each task and attributing causality for their perceived performance following each task. As hypothesized, two components were present in the overall sex difference in expectancy of success, even when differences in actual task performance were statistically controlled. One component was attributable to a general tendency of females to state lower expectancies; the other was a function of the accord between the perceived sex linkage of the task and the subject's sex. The attribution data suggest that females tend to be more external for success and more internal for failure than males.The research reported here was partially supported by Grant #10692 from the Research Foundation of the City University of New York. The assistance of Bruce Eisman in testing subjects and of Rudy Lorber in data analysis is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
28.
Ian Vine 《Current Psychology》1982,2(1):1-18
The concept of ‘personal space’ has sometimes been invoked in attempts to explain stressful effects of crowding; but the literature
on personal space reveals divergent findings according to the definitions and methods of measurement used. Redefinitions are
proposed whereby personal space preferences can be seen as mediating our reactions to the spatial proximity of others, according
to a dynamic model which considers both task-related needs for physical space and privacy needs, together with concern over
social norms and attributions.
It is argued that perceived illegitimate invasion of the personal space one claims is likely to give rise to stress effects
if coping responses fail. Thus crowding is likely to be stressful in many natural contexts where personal space is intruded
upon frequently, especially when attributions of intentional thwarting are made. Further theoretical advances in this area
must rest upon more precise specification of processes by which social relationships, situational variables, and subjective
motivational, perceptual, and evaluative factors jointly determine an agent’s personal space claims and associated reactions
to spatial invasion. 相似文献
29.
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