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931.
Van Houten R Malenfant JE Reagan I Sifrit K Compton R Tenenbaum J 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(3):369-380
This study evaluated a device that prevents drivers from shifting vehicles into gear for up to 8 s unless seat belts are buckled. Participants were 101 commercial drivers who operated vans, pickups, or other light trucks from the U.S. and Canada. The driver could escape or avoid the delay by fastening his or her seat belt before shifting out of park. Unbelted participants experienced either a constant delay (8 s) or a variable delay (M = 8 s). A 16‐s delay was introduced for those U.S. drivers who did not show significant improvement. Seat belt use increased from 48% to 67% (a 40% increase) for U.S. drivers and from 54% to 74% (a 37% increase) for Canadian drivers. The fixed delay was more effective for U.S. drivers than the variable delay, but there was no difference between these two delay schedules for Canadian drivers. After the driver fastened his or her seat belt, it tended to remain fastened for the duration of the trip. 相似文献
932.
Ian Neath 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):659-666
When people recall a list of items that they have just experienced (an episodic memory task), the resulting serial position
function looks strikingly similar to that observed when people are asked to recall the presidents of the United States (a
semantic memory task). Despite the similarity in appearance, there is disagreement about whether the two functions arise from
the same processes. A local distinctiveness model of memory, SIMPLE, successfully fit the presidential data using two underlying
dimensions: one corresponding to item (or presidential) distinctiveness and the other to order (or positional) distinctiveness.
According to the model, presidential primacy and recency are due to the same mechanisms that give rise to primacy and recency
effects in both shortand long-term episodic memory. All of these primacy and recency effects reflect the relative distinctiveness
principle (Surprenant & Neath, 2009): Items will be well remembered to the extent that they are more distinct than competing
items at the time of retrieval. 相似文献
933.
David Z. Hambrick Frederick L. Oswald Emily S. Darowski Tara A. Rench Randy Brou 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(8):1149-1167
This study investigated determinants of success in a ‘synthetic work’ task designed to reflect the requirement for multitasking that is common to many occupations. Participants were administered tests of working memory capacity (WMC) and processing speed (PS), and they reported experience with videogames, a type of activity presumed to involve multitasking. Results revealed that WMC was a strong predictor of multitasking in a ‘non‐emergency’ condition when the pace of the tasks was relatively slow, whereas PS was a weaker predictor. Additionally, there was evidence for the incremental validity of videogame experience (VGE), consistent with the possibility that multitasking is supported by a general, trainable skill. Finally, individual differences in strategy use accounted for a large proportion of the variance in multitasking, above and beyond other predictor variables, and WMC predicted use of an effective strategy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
934.
In response to general press assertions that training emotionally intelligent children will lead to great rewards, this study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and academic achievement in college students, using both self-report and ability-based measures of EI. Specifically, the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT, an ability-based measure) and the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i, a self-report measure) were used to predict academic achievement. Achievement was operationalized as the respondents’ cumulative GPA. Results indicated that EI is not a strong predictor of academic achievement regardless of the type of instrument used to measure it. However, a construct validity examination revealed that the MSCEIT correlated highly with indices of cognitive ability but minimally with personality dimensions. In contrast, the EQ-i failed to correlate with indices of cognitive ability but correlated substantially with numerous personality dimensions. 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to test theoretical propositions advanced by Meyer and Herscovitch (2001) concerning the interactive effects of affective, normative, and continuance commitment on focal (staying intentions) and discretionary (citizenship) behavior. Study measures were gathered from a sample of 545 hospital employees. Several a priori predictions regarding commitment profile differences were confirmed. Significant three-way interactions were found for both staying intentions and citizenship behavior. The pattern of relations for both behavioral criteria partially confirmed the hypotheses, but also provided evidence of possible “context effects” whereby the meaning and implications of the commitment components varies as a function of the other components. These effects were most notable for normative commitment and may offer new insight into the nature of this construct. Implications for commitment theory and its application were discussed. 相似文献
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939.
Monodic Packed Fragment with Equality is Decidable 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We prove decidability of satisfiability of sentences of the monodic packed fragment of first-order temporal logic with equality and connectives Until and Since, in models with various flows of time and domains of arbitrary cardinality. We also prove decidability over models with finite domains, over flows of time including the real order. 相似文献
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