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901.
Julie Gawrylowicz Alan Scoboria Rachel Teodorini Ian P. Albery 《Applied cognitive psychology》2019,33(3):344-357
Few studies have examined the impact of alcohol on metacognition for witnessed events. We used a 2 × 2 balanced placebo design, where mock witnesses expected and drank alcohol, did not expect but drank alcohol, did not expect nor drank alcohol, or expected but did not drink alcohol. Participants watched a mock crime in a bar‐lab, followed by free recall and a cued‐recall test with or without the option to reply “don't know” (DK). Intoxicated mock witnesses' free recall was less complete but not less accurate. During cued‐recall, alcohol led to lower accuracy, and reverse placebo participants gave more erroneous and fewer correct responses. Permitting and clarifying DK responses was associated with fewer errors and more correct responses for sober individuals; and intoxicated witnesses were less likely to opt out of erroneous responding to unanswerable questions. Our findings highlight the practical and theoretical importance of examining pharmacological effects of alcohol and expectancies in real‐life settings. 相似文献
902.
The intelligence community uses “structured analytic techniques” to help analysts think critically and avoid cognitive bias. However, little evidence exists of how techniques are applied and whether they are effective. We examined the use of the analysis of competing hypotheses (ACH)—a technique designed to reduce “confirmation bias.” Fifty intelligence analysts were randomly assigned to use ACH or not when completing a hypothesis testing task that had probabilistic ground truth. Data on analysts' judgement processes and conclusions were collected using written protocols that were then coded for statistical analyses. We found that ACH‐trained analysts did not follow all of the steps of ACH. There was mixed evidence for ACH's ability to reduce confirmation bias, and we observed that ACH may increase judgement inconsistency and error. It may be prudent for the intelligence community to consider the conditions under which ACH would prove useful and to explore alternatives. 相似文献
903.
904.
Ian A. McFarland 《International Journal of Systematic Theology》2019,21(1):44-58
Although the doctrine of creation from nothing may seem to instantiate a metaphysics of privation, in which the creature’s existence is ultimately one of humiliation, further reflection shows that this conclusion is not justified. For God to be over against the creature as an other who might threaten its autonomy in this way would imply a gap between God’s will and creaturely substance that is inconsistent with creation ex nihilo, according to which creatures are other than God, but God, as the exclusive ground of creaturely existence, is ‘Not other’ than they. This point disrupts the relationships of privation or dependence that mark inner‐worldly acts of creating. To be (always only partly) dependent on a created other is indeed to be revealed as less than sufficient unto oneself; but to be (wholly) dependent on the ‘Not other’ is to be fully sufficient to fulfil the promise of one’s existence. 相似文献
905.
Remembering the good, forgetting the bad: intentional forgetting of emotional material in depression
The authors examined intentional forgetting of negative material in depression. Participants were instructed to not think about emotional nouns that they had learned to associate with a neutral cue word. The authors provided participants with multiple occasions to suppress the unwanted words. Overall, depressed participants successfully forgot negative words. Moreover, the authors obtained a clear practice effect. However, forgetting came at a cost: Compared with the nondepressed participants and with the depressed participants who were instructed to forget positive words, depressed participants who were instructed to forget negative words showed significantly worse recall of the baseline words. These results indicate that training depressed individuals in intentional forgetting could prove to be an effective strategy to counteract automatic ruminative tendencies and mood-congruent biases. 相似文献
906.
Ian Slater 《国际科学哲学研究》2000,14(3):325-326
Eric Scerri has argued that chemists using ab initio calculations pursue a partial reduction of chemistry to physics, while accepting that full reduction (through axiomatization) is impractical. He characterizes this view as Popperian and naturalistic. However, Popper's position on reduction is not naturalistic, as he rejected axiomatization for different reasons. 相似文献
907.
The word length effect is the finding that a list of items that take less time to pronounce is better recalled on an immediate
serial recall test than an otherwise equivalent list of items that take more time to pronounce. Contrary to the predictions
of all major models of the word length effect, Hulme, Suprenant, Bireta, Stuart, and Neath (2004) found that short and long
items presented within the same list were recalled equally as well as short items presented in lists of just short items.
Different results were reported by Cowan, Baddeley, Elliot, and Norris (2003), who found that mixed lists were recalled worse
than pure short lists, but better than pure long lists. The experiments reported here suggest that the different empirical
findings are due to properties of the stimulus sets used: one stimulus set produces results that replicate Cowan et al., whereas
all other sets tested so far yield results that replicate Hulme et al. 相似文献
908.
Males with fragile X syndrome (FXS) have difficulties with social interaction and many show autistic features. This study
examined whether the social deficits characteristic of FXS are associated with theory of mind difficulties. Two groups of
boys with FXS participated: a group with few autistic features and a group with many autistic features. An intellectual disability
control group also participated. In addition to using standard theory of mind tasks, new techniques were used that were able
to separate out the various processing demands of the task (e.g., memory, inhibitory control). Overall, the findings indicate
that both groups of boys with FXS have difficulty with theory of mind tasks compared to an intellectual disability control
group. However, both groups with FXS also performed worse on comparison trials that required working memory but not theory
of mind. Theory of mind difficulties are likely to be an important aspect of the FXS clinical profile, but are most likely
the result from a more basic difficulty with working memory. 相似文献
909.
910.
Ian M. L. Hunter 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1954,6(4):149-154
A comparison is made between the tactile-kinaesthetic perception of straightness in twenty blind and twenty sighted subjects. Both types of subject are found to perceive a “plus curved” edge as straight, but this curve is significantly less for the blind than for the sighted, i.e. the blind subjects' judgments correspond more closely to the objective straight. Furthermore, the blind, both as individuals and as a group, are significantly finer in their judgments and more consistent. These results are thought to be explained in terms of the more highly developed organisation of the blind's tactile-kinaesthetic perception. 相似文献