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41.
There is a pressing need to address prejudice, racism, and discrimination against marginalised groups in Australia. This involves change from the structural to the individual level. In this article, we discuss the merits of individual anti‐prejudice mechanisms within the Australian context. First, we expand on nine mechanisms described in a previous paper and then review five new mechanisms. We conclude that while some mechanisms are likely to be useful regardless of location, others need to be tailored to the local context. We also conclude that effective interventions need to utilise multiple mechanisms. It is hoped that the synthesis of the different mechanisms provided here will assist anti‐prejudice researchers, practitioners, and policymakers striving to improve relations among different groups in our society. 相似文献
42.
It has been argued that visual search is a valid model for human foraging. However, the two tasks differ greatly in terms
of the coding of space and the effort required to search. Here we describe a direct comparison between visually guided searches
(as studied in visual search tasks) and foraging that is not based upon a visually distinct target, within the same context.
The experiment was conducted in a novel apparatus, where search locations were indicated by an array of lights embedded in
the floor. In visually guided conditions participants searched for a target defined by the presence of a feature (red target
amongst green distractors) or the absence of a feature (green target amongst red and green distractors). Despite the expanded
search scale and the different response requirements, these conditions followed the pattern found in conventional visual search
paradigms: feature-present search latencies were not linearly related to display size, whereas feature-absent searches were
longer as the number of distractors increased. In a non-visually guided foraging condition, participants searched for a target
that was only visible once the switch was activated. This resulted in far longer latencies that rose markedly with display
size. Compared to eye-movements in previous visual search studies, there were few revisit errors to previously inspected locations
in this condition. This demonstrates the important distinction between visually guided and non-visually guided foraging processes,
and shows that the visual search paradigm is an equivocal model for general search in any context. We suggest a comprehensive
model of human spatial search behaviour needs to include search at a small and large scale as well as visually guided and
non-visually guided search. 相似文献
43.
Reorientation in the real world: the development of landmark use and integration in a natural environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An influential series of studies have argued that young children are unable to use landmark information to reorient. However, these studies have used artificial experimental environments that may lead to an underestimation of the children’s ability. We tested whether young children could reorient using landmarks in an ecologically valid setting. Children aged between 3 and 7 years completed a reorientation task in open parkland, and the properties of the search array (size and distinctiveness) were manipulated in a within-subjects design. Responses were recorded using Global Positioning Systems technology. All age groups performed above chance level, demonstrating that young children can reorient using natural landmarks. This behaviour was modulated by the nature of the search array: children were more accurate when the locations were spaced in a large array, and when the search locations were distinctively coloured. This suggests that the integration between landmarks and search locations, at different spatial scales, is a key factor in characterising human reorientation in the real world. 相似文献
44.
An important function of the self is to identify external objects that are potentially personally relevant. We suggest that such objects may be identified through mere ownership. Extant research suggests that encoding information in a self-relevant context enhances memory (the so-called 'self-reference effect'), thus an experiment was designed to test the impact of ownership on memory performance. Participants either moved or observed the movement of picture cards into two baskets; one of which belonged to self and one which belonged to another participant. A subsequent recognition test revealed that there was a significant memory advantage for objects that were owned by self. Acting on items (i.e., moving them) had no impact on memory. Results are discussed with reference to the importance of self-object associations in cognition. 相似文献
45.
46.
Graham Macdonald 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(2):239-253
This paper argues that the non-reductive monist need not be concerned about the ‘problem’ of mental causation; one can accept
both the irreducibility of mental properties to physical properties and the causal closure of the physical. More precisely,
it is argued that instances of mental properties can be causally efficacious, and that there is no special barrier to seeing
mental properties whose instances are causally efficacious as being causally relevant to the effects they help to bring about.
It is then shown that the causal relevance of mental properties is consistent with there being no downward causation, so the
dilemma of ‘epiphenomenalism or reduction’ can be avoided. Non-reductive monism lives on as a viable position in the philosophy
of mind.
相似文献
Graham MacdonaldEmail: |
47.
Iain Morrisson 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2007,45(1):129-148
Many scholars, in view of the close link that he draws between morality and freedom, argue that Kant does not think that there are free choices between nonmoral ends. On this view, Kant only posits a freedom to resist our desires and act morally. We are still responsible for immoral choices because we always have the power to act morally. Henry Allison has opposed this reading by arguing that Kant grounds a notion of nonmoral freedom in the Incorporation Thesis. In this paper, I criticize Allison's argument and then try to replace it with an alternative that grounds nonmoral freedom in morality. 相似文献
48.
Zoe Leviston Justine Dandy Jolanda Jetten Iain Walker 《Journal of applied social psychology》2020,50(4):228-239
In this paper, we investigate majority-culture attitudes to multicultural policy in Australia. Drawing on relative deprivation (RD) theory, we explore whether resistance to multicultural policies and initiatives is related to individual and/or group-based grievance claims of discrimination. To assess RD, we asked 517 Australian-born people who identified as White Australians to rate (a) levels of discrimination toward their own group, toward themselves personally as a consequence of their group membership, and toward immigrants to Australia, and (b) feelings of injustice and anger associated with such discrimination. Our findings show that, while perceptions of discrimination toward majority-culture Australians are commonplace, perceptions of discrimination toward immigrants are more so. We also found that higher ratings of group-based RD of Australians relative to immigrants, but not individual deprivation relative to immigrants, predicted opposition to multicultural policies and initiatives. Moreover, perceived group-based RD mediated the link between national identification and opposition to multicultural policies. The findings highlight, for the first time, the importance of group-based grievance claims by majority-culture members in opposing or supporting multicultural policy. 相似文献
49.
Five rats were trained on a two-component multiple schedule with each component consisting of a two-link chain schedule. Differential response suppression in the initial links of the chain schedules was used as a measure of the relative aversiveness of events introduced into the subsequent terminal links. When unsignalled shock was scheduled in one terminal link and signalled shock in the other (in addition to equal numbers of food reinforcers), responding was suppressed to a greater degree in the initial link preceding the unsignalled-shock condition. Reversing the terminal-link positions of unsignalled shock and signalled shock led to a reversal of the differential response suppression in the initial links. These results confirm previous findings that signalled shock is less aversive than unsignalled shock and extend the generality of this phenomenon from choice measures to rate measures of aversiveness. 相似文献
50.
Macdonald L 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1973,20(1):37-46
Six rats were trained on a two-component multiple schedule with each component consisting of a two-link chain schedule. Differential response suppression in the two initial links, as well as in the two terminal links of the chain schedules, was used as a measure of the relative aversiveness of stimulus events in the two terminal links. When signalled and unsignalled shock-punishment (in addition to equal numbers of food reinforcers) were scheduled in the separate terminal links, subjects responded at lower rates in the initial link preceding unsignalled shock-punishment than in the initial link preceding signalled shock-punishment. Similarly, subjects responded at lower rates in the terminal link containing unsignalled shock-punishment than in the terminal link containing signalled shock-punishment. Reversing the terminal-link positions of signalled and unsignalled shock-punishment led to a reversal of the differential response suppression in the two initial and the two terminal links of the chain schedules. These results indicate that signalled punishment is relatively less aversive than unsignalled punishment and support an “information hypothesis”, which assumes that a condition in which information is provided about the onset of environmental events, even negative events such as shock punishment, is more reinforcing than a condition in which such information is absent. 相似文献