Resilience in Families in Which a Parent has Died

Using a cross-sectional survey research design, the present study aimed to explore and explicate those resiliency factors that enable families to adjust and adapt successfully after the loss of a parent. Thirty-nine families completed questionnaires, including an open-ended question in which they were asked to report the most important factors or strengths that they felt helped their family through the stressful period. Results indicate that intrafamilial support, such as emotional and practical support amongst family members, and family hardiness characteristics, such as the internal strengths and durability of the family unit, contribute to resilience within the family. Individual characteristics, for example positive personality characteristics such as optimism, are equally important. Support from extended family and friends, as well as support obtained from religious and spiritual beliefs and activities, were reported as facilitating successful adjustment to the loss.     

Attachment concerns of mothers as manifested in parental,spousal, and friendship relationships

The present study examined the relation between attachment concerns of mothers and three of their close relationships: with their husband, best woman friend, and infant. Forty-live mothers completed an Attachment Concerns Questionnaire based on the Hazan and Shaver attachment measure, and the Sharabany Intimacy scale regarding their relationships with their husband and with their same-sex best friend; they were also observed with their infants (aged 14 to 22 months) in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure. Mothers’attachment concerns were significantly correlated both to their infants’attachment classifications and to reunion scores in the Strange Situation procedure (e.g., concern with closeness was positively correlated with avoidance; fear of abandonment was positively correlated with avoidance and resistance). Intimacy with husband and best woman friend were also correlated with mothers’attachment concerns (e.g., concern with closeness was negatively correlated with intimacy with the husband and fear of abandonment was negatively correlated with intimacy with the best friend). The findings are discussed in terms of the concept of an internal working model of attachment, and, in light of the similarity and the modular hypotheses regarding the nature of relationships and concordance among relationships.     

Counselor Role and Function: An Appraisal by Consumers and Counselors

This article reports the perceptions of parents, members of the business community, school administrators, and counselors regarding the role and function of secondary school counselors, The research reported here was presented as part of a symposium entitled, “The Development of a Model School Counselor Education Curriculum” at the Annual Conference of the American Personnel and Guidance Association, St. Louis, Missouri, 1981.     

Trust,Connectivity, and Thriving: Implications for Innovative Behaviors at Work

This study examines how trust, connectivity and thriving drive employees' innovative behaviors in the workplace. Using a sample of one hundred and seventy two employees across a variety of jobs and industries, we investigated the relationship between trust, connectivity (both measured at Time 1), thriving and innovative work behaviors (both measured at Time 2). Trust and connectivity were hypothesized to create a nurturing environment that enables people to thrive and be innovative in their work. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicate a sequential mediation model in which connectivity mediates the relationship between trust and thriving, and thriving mediates the relationship between connectivity and innovative behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications for employee thriving and innovative behaviors at work are discussed.     

Responses to a happily married other: The role of relationship satisfaction and social comparison orientation

A study among 103 married individuals examined how the responses to a story about an individual with a happy marriage that was characterized by either high or low effort were moderated by relationship satisfaction and social comparison orientation (SCO). As individuals were higher in SCO, the high‐effort couple evoked more positive affect and more identification and the low‐effort couple evoked more negative affect and less identification. Furthermore, the higher the SCO, the more positive affect and identification those high in relationship satisfaction experienced in response to the targets. In the high‐effort condition, but not in the low‐effort condition, identification mediated between relationship satisfaction and SCO and the affective responses. Independent of induced effort, a higher degree of perceived effort was, especially among those high in relationship satisfaction, associated with a higher level of identification. Finally, relationship satisfaction induced relatively more identification with the target among men, married people, and relatively older people.     

COMPONENTS OF ARTIFACTUAL VARIANCE IN META-ANALYTIC RESEARCH

Except for a few rough estimates, the literature contains no precise data on the relative size of each correctable artifact in a meta-analysis. The purpose of the present study was to determine these proportions and see if artifacts were related to various sample and subpopulation parameters. The study confirmed the notion that sampling error accounts for the bulk of the total artifactual variance (i.e., more than 90% for small or medium samples and more than 70% for large samples, e.g., N = 500). Nevertheless, variation in the percentages of each artifact was found to be primarily a function of sample size and mean correlation. Total artifactual variance was found to be a function of subpopulation correlation differences and sample size. Practical implications of the results are presented.     

DETECTING MODERATORS WITH META-ANALYSIS: AN EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES

The present study evaluated accuracy levels of seven techniques for ascertaining, after a meta-analysis, whether moderators are present or not: (a) SH-75% rule for uncorrected r , (b) SH-75% rule for corrected r, (c) SH-95% rule for uncorrected r , (d) SH-95% rule for corrected r, (e) the Q statistic; (f) inclusion of 0 in the credibility interval around the corrected r, and (g) the size of the interval. Using Monte Carlo data which were defined by various parameters including sample based artifacts, comparisons of Type I and power determinations were generated. Findings showed that when differences between population correlations were small, power levels for all techniques were relatively low. Overall, SH rules and the Q statistic had greater power but higher Type I error rate than credibility intervals. Because of the high Type I error rate associated with both of the SH-95% techniques and the low power found with the credibility intervals, the SH-75% rules and Q statistic are recommended. Limitations and some practical implications for the findings are discussed.     

Specific and Generic Objects in Cavell and Thomas Aquinas

Here I establish a parallel between modern epistemology and traditional metaphysics: between the way we know an object, on the one hand, and the way an object's causes cause it to exist, on the other. I show that different efficient causes in the Thomistic system correspond to different questions of knowledge, as analyzed by Stanley Cavell, and that in particular the question the Cavellian skeptic asks corresponds to God's causation in creation. As I have explained in detail elsewhere, and discuss briefly here, this parallel represents far more than a formal analogy between a series of issues in epistemology and a series of issues in metaphysics. It helps to explain, in fact, why modern philosophers (e.g., Husserl) were ultimately driven to put the human ego in the place of God, as creating (or "positing") the objects of its knowledge, thereby denying the very distinction between epistemology and ontology.